Shedding new light on the role of the basal ganglia-superior colliculus pathway in eye movements

Shires, Joel; Joshi, Siddhartha; Basso, Michele A.

doi:10.1016/j.conb.2010.08.008

Cited by 59 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…Others have suggested that spontaneous fluctuations in the DMN (Ramot et al 2011) are correlated with oculomotor signals during eyes closed. Instead, we observed prominent subcortical activations, in agreement with neurophysiological evidence suggesting a prominent role of basal ganglia in self-generated eye movements (Shires et al 2010;Utter and Basso 2008). Furthermore, the study by Ramot et al (2011) included BOLD effects that exceeded a low, uncorrected statistical threshold despite the study having a large number of participants, suggesting that the size of the eye movement effects on cortical BOLD signals was rather small.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Dissociated mean and functional connectivity BOLD signals in visual cortex during eyes closed and fixation

McAvoy

Larson‐Prior

Ludwikow

et al. 2012

Journal of Neurophysiology

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We investigated the effects of resting state type on blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal and functional connectivity in two paradigms: participants either alternated between fixation and eyes closed or maintained fixation or eyes closed throughout each scan. The BOLD signal and functional connectivity of lower and higher tiers of the visual cortical hierarchy were found to be differentially modulated during eyes closed versus fixation. Fixation was associated with greater mean BOLD signals in primary visual cortex and lower mean BOLD signals in extrastriate visual areas than periods of eyes closed. In addition, analysis of thalamocortical functional connectivity during scans in which participants maintained fixation showed synchronized BOLD fluctuations between those thalamic nuclei whose mean BOLD signal was systematically modulated during alternating epochs of eyes closed and fixation, primary visual cortex and the attention network, while during eyes closed negatively correlated fluctuations were seen between the same thalamic nuclei and extrastriate visual areas. Finally, in all visual areas the amplitude of spontaneous BOLD fluctuations was greater during eyes closed than during fixation. The dissociation between early and late tiers of visual cortex, which characterizes both mean and functionally connected components of the BOLD signal, may depend on the reorganization of thalamocortical networks. Since dissociated changes in local blood flow also characterize transitions between different stages of sleep and wakefulness (Braun AR, Balkin TJ, Wesenten NJ, Gwadry F, Carson RE, Varga M, Baldwin P, Belenky G, Herscovitch P. Science 279: 91-95, 1998), our results suggest that dissociated endogenous neural activity in primary and extrastriate cortex may represent a general aspect of brain function.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Dissociated mean and functional connectivity BOLD signals in visual cortex during eyes closed and fixation

McAvoy

Larson‐Prior

Ludwikow

et al. 2012

Journal of Neurophysiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…saccade choice, and content valuation (76). On the other hand, the neuronal activity in the early time window also could be affected by early emotional and motivational activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct populations of neurons respond to emotional valence and arousal in the human subthalamic nucleus

Sieger

Serranová

Růžička

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Both animal studies and studies using deep brain stimulation in humans have demonstrated the involvement of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in motivational and emotional processes; however, participation of this nucleus in processing human emotion has not been investigated directly at the single-neuron level. We analyzed the relationship between the neuronal firing from intraoperative microrecordings from the STN during affective picture presentation in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and the affective ratings of emotional valence and arousal performed subsequently. We observed that 17% of neurons responded to emotional valence and arousal of visual stimuli according to individual ratings. The activity of some neurons was related to emotional valence, whereas different neurons responded to arousal. In addition, 14% of neurons responded to visual stimuli. Our results suggest the existence of neurons involved in processing or transmission of visual and emotional information in the human STN, and provide evidence of separate processing of the affective dimensions of valence and arousal at the level of single neurons as well.emotion | basal ganglia | subthalamic nucleus | single neuron | arousal A t one time, the subthalamic nucleus (STN), which is an important target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the treatment of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD), was considered an important regulator of motor function (1, 2); however, the occurrence of postoperative neuropsychiatric complications has expanded interest in the nonmotor function of the STN (3, 4). Animal and human studies have already demonstrated the additional functional role of the STN in emotional and motivational processes (5-12). In addition, recent functional MRI studies found STN activation in response to emotional stimuli in healthy subjects (13,14). Therefore, we hypothesized that emotional activity-related neurons should exist in the STN. Participation of the STN in processing emotion has not yet been investigated directly at the single-neuron level in humans. Nonetheless, single-neuron activity related to a priori defined emotional categories (e.g., positive vs. negative) has been detected in a few human brain regions, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal and subcallosal cortex (15-18).It has been proposed that emotional behavior is organized along two psychophysiological dimensions: emotional valence, varying from unpleasant to pleasant, and arousal, varying from low to high (19). The individual assessment of these dimensions is closely correlated with somatic and autonomic measures of emotions (20,21). Contrary to a priori categories, they can better reflect emotional characteristics of the stimulus in an individual context, and they take into account interindividual differences based on specific behavioral determinants, such as affective disposition and personality traits (22).In this study, we aimed to detect single-neuron firing pattern changes in the STN that are related to emotional arousal and valence from the in...

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“…Increased SNR neuronal activity has been associated with normal limb movement [17] and cessation of saccadic eye movements [18]. Thus, the bursting firing pattern likely plays a role in normal physiology.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gamma-aminobutyric acidB receptor activation suppresses stimulus-evoked burst firing in rat substantia nigra reticulata neurons

Shen

Johnson

2012

NeuroReport

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Previous whole-cell patch-pipette studies showed that focal electrical stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) evokes a long-lasting complex EPSC and synaptically-evoked bursts of action potentials in substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) neurons. Although synaptically-evoked bursting may play a role in normal physiology, excessive burst firing correlates with symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. We used patch-pipette recordings in rat brain slices to study the effects of baclofen on complex EPSCs and STN-induced burst firing in SNR neurons. Baclofen (1 μM) caused a reversible, 73% reduction in complex EPSCs, and this effect was blocked by the GABAB antagonist CGP35348 (100 μM). Using the loose-patch method to record extracellular potentials, a lower concentration of baclofen (100 nM) inhibited STN-evoked bursts while leaving spontaneous firing of action potentials less affected. We suggest that strategies that selectively inhibit burst firing in the SNR might have therapeutic potential in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.

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Shedding new light on the role of the basal ganglia-superior colliculus pathway in eye movements

Cited by 59 publications

References 82 publications

Dissociated mean and functional connectivity BOLD signals in visual cortex during eyes closed and fixation

Dissociated mean and functional connectivity BOLD signals in visual cortex during eyes closed and fixation

Distinct populations of neurons respond to emotional valence and arousal in the human subthalamic nucleus

Gamma-aminobutyric acidB receptor activation suppresses stimulus-evoked burst firing in rat substantia nigra reticulata neurons

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