Shedding of porcine circovirus type 1 DNA and rotavirus RNA by infants vaccinated with Rotarix®

Mijatovic-Rustempasic, Slavica; Immergluck, Lilly Cheng; Parker, Trisha Chan; Laghaie, Elham; Mohammed, Anaam; McFadden, Terri; Parashar, Umesh D.; Bowen, Michael D.; Cortese, Margaret M.

doi:10.1080/21645515.2016.1255388

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Rotavirus shedding was observed at any time frame in 23% and 47% of the infant vaccinated with Rotarix and RotaTeq, respectively, and only in 11% and 19% at ≥4 DPV. These are low vaccine shedding rates compared to previous studies in Taiwanese and North American infants 7,33 . A previous study from Malawi, also found relatively low shedding rates for Rotarix ≥4 DPV after first dose (30%).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 66%

“…Bernstein and coworkers reported 70% shedding after first inoculation of the vaccine candidate 89-12, precursor of the Rotarix vaccine, in seronegative North American infants 5 . A more recent study in non-Hispanic North American infants showed that 79% of the Rotarix vaccinated infants shed the vaccine strain at >3 DPV 33 . These studies demonstrate a lack of rotavirus shedding in approximately 20–30% of seronegative infants vaccinated with Rotarix, suggesting that this subgroup was not susceptible to vaccination with P[8] rotavirus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Histo-blood group antigens and rotavirus vaccine shedding in Nicaraguan infants

Bucardo

Reyes

Rönnelid

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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ABO, Lewis and secretor histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) are susceptibility factors for rotavirus in a P-genotype dependent manner and can influence IgA seroconversion rates following rotavirus vaccination. To investigate the association between HBGA phenotypes and rotavirus vaccine shedding fecal samples (n = 304) from a total of 141 infants vaccinated with Rotarix (n = 71) and RotaTeq (n = 70) were prospectively sampled in three time frames (≤3, 4–7 and ≥8 days) after first vaccination dose. Rotavirus was detected with qPCR and genotypes determined by G/P multiplex PCR and/or sequencing. HBGAs were determined by hemagglutination and saliva based ELISA. Low shedding rates were observed, with slightly more children vaccinated with RotaTeq (19%) than Rotarix (11%) shedding rotavirus at ≥4 days post vaccination (DPV). At ≥4 DPV no infant of Lewis A (n = 6) or nonsecretor (n = 9) phenotype in the Rotarix cohort shed rotavirus; the same observation was made for Lewis A infants (n = 7) in the RotaTeq cohort. Putative in-vivo gene reassortment among RotaTeq strains occurred, yielding mainly G1P[8] strains. The bovine derived P[5] genotype included in RotaTeq was able to replicate and be shed at long time frames (>13 DPV). The results of this study are consistent with that HBGA phenotype influences vaccine strain shedding as similarly observed for natural infections. Due to the low overall shedding rates observed, additional studies are however warranted.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 66%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histo-blood group antigens and rotavirus vaccine shedding in Nicaraguan infants

Bucardo

Reyes

Rönnelid

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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“…These children could be shedding vaccine strain after vaccination and illness is perhaps caused by other infectious pathogens or non-infectious aetiologies [41-43]. Furthermore, the high proportion of G1P[8] vaccine-derived strains may to some extent be the result of the increasing use of molecular methods in diagnostic laboratories across England; these methods will detect shedding of vaccine strain, potentially for months after vaccination, because of higher sensitivity compared with antigen detection methods [44,45].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of rotavirus vaccination on rotavirus genotype distribution and diversity in England, September 2006 to August 2016

et al. 2019

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Introduction Rotavirus vaccination with the live-attenuated monovalent (a G1P[8] human rotavirus strain) two-dose Rotarix vaccine was introduced in England in July 2013. Since then, there have been significant reductions in rotavirus gastroenteritis incidence. Aim We assessed the vaccine’s impact on rotavirus genotype distribution and diversity 3 years post-vaccine introduction. Methods Epidemiological and microbiological data on genotyped rotavirus-positive samples between September 2006 and August 2016 were supplied by EuroRotaNet and Public Health England. Multinomial multivariable logistic regression adjusting for year, season and age was used to quantify changes in genotype prevalence in the vaccine period. Genotype diversity was measured using the Shannon’s index (H′) and Simpson’s index of diversity (D). Results We analysed genotypes from 8,044 faecal samples. In the pre-vaccine era, G1P[8] was most prevalent, ranging from 39% (411/1,057) to 74% (527/709) per year. In the vaccine era, G1P[8] prevalence declined each season (35%, 231/654; 12%, 154/1,257; 5%, 34/726) and genotype diversity increased significantly in 6–59 months old children (H’ p < 0.001: D p < 0.001). In multinomial analysis, G2P[4] (adjusted multinomial odds ratio (aMOR): 9.51; 95% confidence interval (CI): 7.02–12.90), G3P[8] (aMOR: 2.83; 95% CI: 2.17–3.81), G12P[8] (aMOR: 2.46; 95% CI: 1.62–3.73) and G4P[8] (aMOR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.02–1.96) significantly increased relative to G1P[8]. Conclusions In the context of reduced rotavirus disease incidence, genotype diversity has increased, with a relative change in the dominant genotype from G1P[8] to G2P[4] after vaccine introduction. These changes will need continued surveillance as the number and age of vaccinated birth cohorts increase in the future.

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“…Interestingly, scientists from Northern Ireland, the United States, and Germany could not detect antibodies or antigens of PCV2 in human samples (56)(57)(58)(59). However, in other studies, antibody of PCV1 or antigen of PCV2 was detected in human sera, digestive tract samples and respiratory tract samples (60)(61)(62)(63)(64)(65). Although there is serological and molecular proof of PCV presence in humans, the detection rate is very low.…”

Section: Pcvs In Human Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reservoirs of Porcine Circoviruses: A Mini Review

Zhai

Wei

et al. 2019

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Porcine circovirus (PCV) is one of the smallest known DNA viruses in mammals. At present, PCVs are divided into three species, PCV1, PCV2, and PCV3. PCV1 and PCV2 were found in the 1970s and the 1990s, respectively, whereas PCV3 was discovered recently in 2016. PCV1 does not cause diseases in pigs. However, PCV3, similar to PCV2, is reported to be associated with several swine diseases, including porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) and reproductive failure. PCVs are very common in domestic pigs as well as wild boars. However, PCVs have been occasionally isolated from non-porcine animals, including ruminants (such as cattle, goats, wild chamois, and roe deers), rodents (such as NMRI mice, BALB/c mice, Black C57 mice, ICR mice, Mus musculus, and Rattus rattus), canines (such as dogs, minks, foxes, and raccoon dogs), insects (such as flies, mosquitoes, and ticks), and shellfish. Moreover, PCVs are frequently reported in biological products, including human vaccines, animal vaccines, porcine-derived commercial pepsin products, and many cell lines. PCVs are also abundant in the environment, including water samples and air samples. Interestingly, PCV1 and/or PCV2 antibody or antigen has also been detected in sera, stool samples and respiratory swab samples of human, revealing zoonotic potential of PCVs. Thus, PCVs inhabit many types of reservoirs. In this review, we summarize the reservoirs of PCVs, and this information would be helpful in understanding the natural circulating status and possible cross-species transmission of PCVs.

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Shedding of porcine circovirus type 1 DNA and rotavirus RNA by infants vaccinated with Rotarix®

Cited by 13 publications

References 18 publications

Histo-blood group antigens and rotavirus vaccine shedding in Nicaraguan infants

Histo-blood group antigens and rotavirus vaccine shedding in Nicaraguan infants

Impact of rotavirus vaccination on rotavirus genotype distribution and diversity in England, September 2006 to August 2016

Reservoirs of Porcine Circoviruses: A Mini Review

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