“…However, donor deficiency and complications such as portal hypertension, and portal vein embolization have restricted the widespread application of this protocol (Association, 2006;Pepper, Gala-Lopez, Ziff, & Shapiro, 2013). Tissue engineering, which is a source of obtainable tissues to replace malfunctioning or degenerative tissues (Griffith & Naughton, 2002), has shown promising results in the regeneration of various tissues such as liver (Baptista et al, 2011), trachea (Kajbafzadeh et al, 2015), bladder (Kajbafzadeh et al, 2016), esophagus (Poghosyan et al, 2016), small intestine (Belchior, Sogayar, & Grikscheit, 2014), and colon (Kajbafzadeh et al, 2014).…”