Sheep-to-Human Transmission of Orf Virus during Eid al-Adha Religious Practices, France

Nougairède, Antoine; Fossati, Christelle; Salez, Nicolas; Cohen-Bacrie, Stéphan; Ninove, Laëtitia; Michel, Fabrice; Aboukais, S.; Büttner, Mathias; Zandotti, Christine; Lamballerie, Xavier de; Charrel, Rémi N.

doi:10.3201/eid1901.120421

Cited by 47 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The human orf infections generally occur naturally (Lloyed et al, 1951;Verdes et al, 1970) by direct contact of animals (Peterkin, 1937;Schoch, 1939;Nomeland, 1940) through cuts or minor injuries on the finger and skin of hands (Carneetal, 1946;Dyar, 1951;Royer et al, 1970) or from the mother who milked the sheep to her child (Fontanelli and Caparrini, 1955) through scratching and during Islamic religious worship practice of Eid ul-Adha from infected sheep to in contact humans (Verdes et al, 1970;Nougairede et al, 2013;Shahmoradi et al, 2014). Though there is no demarcation between the sexes regarding orf infection in human, male are at higher risk compared to female as male comes with direct contact with the infected animals in slaughter houses and other places (Nadeem et al, 2010;Bayındır et al, 2011).…”

Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contagious Pustular Dermatitis (Orf Disease) - Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Control and Public Health Concerns

Kumar¹,

Trivedi²,

Bhatt³

et al. 2015

Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci.

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| Contagious pustular dermatitis (CPD), also known as Orf or contagious ecthyma is an important viral disease of sheep and goats. It is mainly seen as a benign disease but malignant form has also been reported from few parts of the world. The rates of morbidity and mortality are higher, particularly in lambs and kids experiencing the disease for the first time. The causative agent of disease is Orf virus, type species of the genus Parapoxvirus belonging to family Poxviridae. The virus produces localized persistent proliferative skin lesions and affected hosts are infected repeatedly owing to its host immune evasive strategy. These viruses have been found uniformly labile to chloroform but resistant to ether and also exhibit antigenic variations among them. Clinically, the disease is enzootic and occurs in three forms viz. labial, genital / mammary and generalized forms. The incubation period in natural cases is 2-3 weeks. The disease outbreaks mostly occur between autumn and spring but its severity is more in autumn and winter than spring. The virus grows well in cell cultures of caprine, ovine and bovine origin. Confounding symptoms impose laboratory affirmation by serological assays or molecular techniques. The disease can be diagnosed by electron microscopy, serological tests and PCR/ quantitative real-time PCR. Virus specific antibody response to structural proteins of capripox and orf viruses in western-blot analysis readily differentiates these two infections. The antibody response to the 32 kDa and 26 kDa proteins of capripox viruses provides a firm basis for differentiation. Although, the role of humoral immunity is well established but probably cell mediated immunity plays a major role in recovery from natural infections. A number of inactivated and live or live modified vaccines have been tried with variable success. The duration of immunity after vaccination is controversial; outbreaks have occurred in vaccinated animals. The disease is also of public health significance as it causes infection in human beings. Keywords

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Section: Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contagious Pustular Dermatitis (Orf Disease) - Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Control and Public Health Concerns

Kumar¹,

Trivedi²,

Bhatt³

et al. 2015

Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci.

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“…In Turkey, sporadic or small clusters of zoonotic cases have been described previously [2,3]. Human infection typically is acquired through animal contacts during occupational activities [4], or following the Islamic feast of the sacrifice (eid el adha) in Islamic communities [2,[5][6][7].…”

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confidence: 99%

Nosocomial outbreak of disseminated orf infection in a burn unit, Gaziantep, Turkey, October to December 2012

et al. 2013

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We report the first outbreak of nosocomial orf infection in a hospital burn unit in Gaziantep, Turkey. The outbreak lasted from October to December 2012 and involved a total of thirteen cases. It demonstrates the risk of introduction of orf virus to a burn unit, and the potential for extensive transmission among patients with compromised skin integrity. The importance of hygiene measures and infection control are highlighted and possible transmission routes of the virus discussed.

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“…3 Although orf occurs worldwide, exceptional outbreaks develop after the Feast of Sacrifice in most of the Muslim countries. 3,[7][8][9] After an incubation period of 1 or 2 weeks, the typical initial papule of human orf evolves on the contaminated abraded skin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Case of Human Orf Complicated with Atypical Erythema Multiforme

Yorulmaz¹,

Artüz²,

Yayla³

et al. 2014

Turkiye Klinikleri J Dermatol

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Sheep-to-Human Transmission of Orf Virus during Eid al-Adha Religious Practices, France

Cited by 47 publications

References 11 publications

Contagious Pustular Dermatitis (Orf Disease) - Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Control and Public Health Concerns

Contagious Pustular Dermatitis (Orf Disease) - Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Control and Public Health Concerns

Nosocomial outbreak of disseminated orf infection in a burn unit, Gaziantep, Turkey, October to December 2012

A Case of Human Orf Complicated with Atypical Erythema Multiforme

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