Shell repair process in the green ormer Haliotis tuberculata: A histological and microstructural study

Fleury, Christophe; Marin, Frédéric; Marie, Benjamin; Luquet, Gilles; Thomas, Jérôme; Josse, Claudie; Serpentini, Antoine; Lebel, Jean-Marc

doi:10.1016/j.tice.2007.12.002

Cited by 60 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…it sometimes withdraws from around the repair zone. A similar phenomenon has been recently observed in the abalone Haliotis tuberculata (Fleury et al 2008). A complex functioning of the mantle can also be inferred from the analyses of the organic matrix.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Mineral phase in shell repair of Manila clam Venerupis philippinarum affected by brown ring disease

Trinkler¹,

Bardeau²,

Marin³

et al. 2011

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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The mineral phase of shell repair in the Manila clam Venerupis philippinarum affected by brown ring disease (BRD) was characterised at various scales and at various stages of shell repair by confocal Raman microspectrometry and scanning electron microscopy. Spherulitic and quadrangular aragonite microstructures associated with polyene pigments were clearly observed. Von Kossa staining showed that at the beginning of shell repair, hemocytes are filled with insoluble calcium carbonate salts in all fluids and then are transported toward the extrapallial fluids and the repair sites. Our analyses suggest that after a Vibrio tapetis attack and BRD deposit some clams rapidly cover the deposit, resulting in a modification in the microstructure, which could be produced by the participation of both the mantle and hemocytes.KEY WORDS: Aragonite · Hemocytes · Shell microstructure · Calcium carbonate · Biomineralization · Mollusc · Raman microspectrometry · Scanning electron microscopy Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 93: 149-162, 2011149-162, al. 1989149-162, , Flassch et al. 1992. Landeda was the first Manila clam production site in France (Paillard et al. 1989, Flassch et al. 1992.Vibrio tapetis colonises the periostracum and inhibits the normal process of shell biomineralisation. The external response of the clam to the bacterial attack consists of a secretion of a brown organic matrix on the inner face of the shell, the well-known 'brown ring'. Immunological or PCR studies on the different physiological fluids of the clam have shown that, at later stages of the infection, V. tapetis invades the circulatory system (hemolymph) and the extrapallial fluids (Allam 1998, Allam et al. 2002, Paillard et al. 2006. At this advanced stage, clams often die from a hemolymphatic septicaemia. In some cases, clams recover by secreting a white shell layer on the brown organic matrix (Paillard & Maes 1995a,b). The bulk organic matrix associated with the shell repair has been recently characterised using Raman microspectrometry, wavelength-dispersive spectrometry (WDS) microprobe analysis and organic matrix quantification (Trinkler et al. 2009(Trinkler et al. , 2010a. However, the mineral phase and the microstructure of repaired Manila clam shells, including those that exhibit a fully repaired shell, have not yet been studied. In the present study, experimental investigations have been performed on the microstructure and the nature of the calcium carbonate repair layer, using Raman microspectrometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In particular, Raman microspectrometry, a nondestructive and noninvasive technique, provides qualitative and quantitative information on organomineral composites (Urmos et al. 1991, Kontoyannis & Vagenas 2000, Withnall et al. 2003, Hedegaard et al. 2006, Carteret et al. 2009). A complementary characterisation using the Von Kossa stain, which is a stain specific for insoluble calcium salts, was performed on hemolymph and extrapallia...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Mineral phase in shell repair of Manila clam Venerupis philippinarum affected by brown ring disease

Trinkler¹,

Bardeau²,

Marin³

et al. 2011

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…This suggests that calcium, in some form, is also stored in the mantle. Similar granules have been described in other species of molluscs (Marin et al 2012) and have been suggested to provide a source of calcium for shell repair (Fleury et al 2008). Also during the veliger stage, minimal staining in the shell suggests that the shell deposition may not occur continuously.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Life cycle and early development of the thecosomatous pteropod Limacina retroversa in the Gulf of Maine, including the effect of elevated CO2 levels

et al. 2015

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Thecosome pteropods are pelagic molluscs with aragonitic shells. They are considered to be especially vulnerable among plankton to ocean acidification (OA), but to recognize changes due to anthropogenic forcing a baseline understanding of their life history is needed. In the present study, adult Limacina retroversa were collected on five cruises from multiple sites in the Gulf of Maine (between 42° 22.1'-42° 0.0' N and 69° 42.6'-70° 15.4' W; water depths of ca. 45-260 m) from October 2013−November 2014. They were maintained in the laboratory under continuous light at 8° C. There was evidence of year-round reproduction and an individual life span in the laboratory of 6 months. Eggs laid in captivity were observed throughout development. Hatching occurred after 3 days, the veliger stage was reached after 6−7 days, and metamorphosis to the juvenile stage was after ~ 1 month. Reproductive individuals were first observed after 3 months.Calcein staining of embryos revealed calcium storage beginning in the late gastrula stage.Staining was observed in the shell gland, shell field, mantle, and shell margin in later stages.

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“…Laboratory studies of biological responses to damage (e.g. Sleight et al, 2015;Fleury et al, 2008) have involved drilling small holes in shells: under these in vitro conditions the holes become occluded within 2-4 months by formation of new material on the inside, but the holes themselves remain visible. Others have presented evidence to suggest that shells in the wild are normally repaired within 3 months (Shanks and Wright, 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact damage and repair in shells of the limpet Patella vulgata

Taylor

2016

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Experiments and observations were carried out to investigate the response of the Patella vulgata limpet shell to impact. Dropped-weight impact tests created damage that usually took the form of a hole in the shell's apex. Similar damage was found to occur naturally, presumably as a result of stones propelled by the sea during storms. Apex holes were usually fatal, but small holes were sometimes repaired, and the repaired shell was as strong as the original, undamaged shell. The impact strength (energy to failure) of shells tested in situ was found to be 3.4-times higher than that of empty shells found on the beach. Surprisingly, strength was not affected by removing the shell from its home location, or by removing the limpet from the shell and allowing the shell to dry out. Sand abrasion, which removes material from the apex, was found to have a strong effect. Shells were also subjected to repeated impacts, which caused failure after 2-120 repetitions. In situ shells performed poorly in this test. It is proposed that the apex acts as a kind of sacrificial feature, which confers increased resistance but only for a small number of impacts. Microscopy showed that damage initiates internally as delamination cracks on low-energy interfaces, leading to loss of material by spalling. This mode of failure is a consequence of the layered structure of the shell, which makes it vulnerable to the tensile and shear stresses in the impact shock wave.

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Shell repair process in the green ormer Haliotis tuberculata: A histological and microstructural study

Cited by 60 publications

References 37 publications

Mineral phase in shell repair of Manila clam Venerupis philippinarum affected by brown ring disease

Mineral phase in shell repair of Manila clam Venerupis philippinarum affected by brown ring disease

Life cycle and early development of the thecosomatous pteropod Limacina retroversa in the Gulf of Maine, including the effect of elevated CO2 levels

Impact damage and repair in shells of the limpet Patella vulgata

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