Shell’s In Situ Conversion Process−From Laboratory to Field Pilots

Ryan, Robert C.; Fowler, Thomas; Beer, Gary L.; Nair, Vijayan N.

doi:10.1021/bk-2010-1032.ch009

Cited by 41 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The decrease in carbon number may have occurred because of the formation of lower molecular weight oil due to cracking and vaporization of oil at elevated temperatures and pressures. Similar results were reported for SimDist data of high-pressure pyrolysis of Green River oil shale by Ryan et al, 53 and showed a reduction in the molecular size of compounds with an increase in pressure due to delayed oil vaporization and secondary cracking. Similar findings were also reported by Burnham and McConaghy, 17 who showed an increase in the occurrence of lower boiling point compounds with an increase in pyrolysis pressure.…”

Section: Reconstruction Of Thermogravimetric Datasupporting

confidence: 89%

Effect of High Pressure on Nonisothermal Pyrolysis Kinetics of Oil Shale and Product Yield

Baruah

Tiwari

2020

Energy Fuels

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The current work presents a comprehensive study on nonisothermal high-pressure pyrolysis kinetics of oil shale and the influence of pressure on product yield. High-pressure thermogravimetric analyses of the oil shale samples were carried out from 30 to 900 °C, at heating rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20 °C min −1 , under isobaric pressure values of 5, 10, 20, and 30 bar using a wellcontrolled high-pressure thermogravimetric analyzer (HP-TGA). The organic matter decomposition zone was identified from HP-TGA data and the activation energy values were determined using isoconversional methods. Under the pressurized condition, oil shale exhibited mean apparent activation energy values ranging from 341 to 451 kJ mol −1 . The possible decomposition mechanisms were identified as D3 diffusion model, followed by second-order reaction model, and A3 Avrami−Erofeev nucleation model as the decomposition progressed and products formed. Further, the lab-scale pyrolysis experimental matrix was designed based on HP-TGA data, and the products obtained were characterized for compositional analysis. The percentage of permanent gases viz. hydrogen (H 2 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and carbon monoxide (CO) decreased dramatically with the increase of pyrolysis pressure. The derived pyrolytic oils showed a decrease in specific density (879−831 g cm −3 ) and carbon number (C 38 to C 22 ) with an increase in pressure. Nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR) analysis of the pyrolytic oil indicated a reduction in the total aromatic content (from 22 to 9 wt %) due to coking of aromatics, and a subsequent increase in the percentage of aliphatics and alkanes due to cracking of straight-chain moieties. The octane number of obtained pyrolytic oils ranged from 83 to 88. The results obtained suggest that the choice of the pressurized pyrolysis (temperature−pressure combination) system may help in controlling the product distribution and compositions.

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Section: Reconstruction Of Thermogravimetric Datasupporting

confidence: 89%

Effect of High Pressure on Nonisothermal Pyrolysis Kinetics of Oil Shale and Product Yield

Baruah

Tiwari

2020

Energy Fuels

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“…The huge interest in low-permeable carbonate and carbonate–siliceous petroleum source rocks that are rich in high-carbon organic matter (OM) is associated with the technology boom of shale gas and shale oil production. − In Russia, alternative sources to shale deposits are giant accumulations of bituminous rocks in Bazhenov Formation of West Siberia and Domanic deposits of Volga–Ural petroleum basin. − The Domanic deposits on the territory of Tatarstan cover the entire section of the Middle-Frasnian to the Upper-Tournaisian substage of the Upper Devonian part of the sedimentary section. − The petroleum reservoirs in Domanic deposits belong to extended reservoirs, the boundaries of which are not controlled by structural traps. Reservoirs are characterized by low porosity and very low permeability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrothermal Impact on Hydrocarbon Generation from Low-Permeable Domanic Sedimentary Rocks with Different Lithofacies

et al. 2021

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This study is intended to reveal the impact of hydrothermal treatments at temperatures of 200, 250, 300, and 350 °C on organic matter (OM) of low-permeable rocks of two different lithofacies types (carbonate and carbonate–siliceous rocks) from Domanic deposits of Upper Devonian Tatarstan. Autoclave experiments were carried out in a carbon dioxide environment. The content of OM and the yield of rock extracts, as well as the stability of kerogen structures to hydrothermal influences, were evaluated. The content of saturated hydrocarbons in the rock extracts increases after the hydrothermal transformation of kerogen and high-molecular-weight compounds, while the content of aromatic hydrocarbons and asphaltenes decreases. The results of molecular weight distribution of normal alkanes and isoprenoids show that rock extracts according to the classification of A. Petrov correspond to the A type of crude oil. Exposing hydrothermal factors on Domanic rocks at low and high temperatures provides more total extraction of hydrocarbons from rocks. The most intensive kerogen transformation process occurred at 350 °C. Hydrothermal impact on the carbonate rocks leads to almost complete transformation of kerogen with the formation of hydrocarbons, while in carbonate–siliceous rock samples, significant part of kerogen does not undergo transformation. The specific features of some biomarkers such as alkanes, aryl isoprenoids, steranes, and terpanes in petroleum products before and after hydrothermal treatment were discussed. The results indicate the general genetic nature of OM, but different geochemical conditions of its maturation in the sedimentary strata. Thus, steam injection leads to different hydrocarbon generating potential from different reservoir rocks.

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“…In terms of in-situ pyrolysis of oil shale, Shell [17,18] proposes to heat oil shale in situ with electric heaters, that is, to place electric heating rods in the heating well, so that the heat generated by the rods can be transferred to the oil shale; within the oil shale, the heat diffuses outward in the form of heat transfer. This proposal was successfully tested in the field.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Numerical Simulation of In-Situ Pyrolysis of Oil Shale Through Horizontal Well Fracturing with Nitrogen Injection

Jiang¹,

Zhang²,

Li³

et al. 2021

IJHT

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An in-situ pyrolysis technology was proposed for shallow oil shale: drilling horizontal wells to the oil shale formation, connecting the horizontal well sections through hydraulic fracturing, injecting nitrogen from the surface to bottomhole, heating up the nitrogen to a high temperature at the bottom, and directly using the high-temperature nitrogen for oil shale pyrolysis. Then, a mathematical model was established for the heat transfer within the oil shale, and a simplified physical model was created for in-situ pyrolysis of oil shale, and used to simulate the heat transfer process. The simulation results show that, with the extension of heating time, the area of effectively pyrolyzed oil shale formation took up an increasingly large proportion of the total cross-sectional area of the formation; however, the increase of the pyrolysis area ratio was rather slow, and the temperature was unevenly distributed in the formation after a long duration of heating. Therefore, the 300d in-situ heating was split into two stages: 250d of heating in the heating well and 50d of heating in the production well. The two-stage heating maximized the heating area of oil shale, and heated 57% of the cross-sectional area up to 400℃, ensuring the effectiveness of pyrolysis. Moreover, this heating scheme ensured an even distribution of temperature in oil shale formation, a high energy utilization, and a desirable heating effect.

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Shell’s In Situ Conversion Process−From Laboratory to Field Pilots

Cited by 41 publications

References 6 publications

Effect of High Pressure on Nonisothermal Pyrolysis Kinetics of Oil Shale and Product Yield

Effect of High Pressure on Nonisothermal Pyrolysis Kinetics of Oil Shale and Product Yield

Hydrothermal Impact on Hydrocarbon Generation from Low-Permeable Domanic Sedimentary Rocks with Different Lithofacies

Design and Numerical Simulation of In-Situ Pyrolysis of Oil Shale Through Horizontal Well Fracturing with Nitrogen Injection

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