Shellfish contamination with lipophilic toxins and dietary exposure assessments from consumption of shellfish products in Shenzhen, China

Chen, Xiao; Huang, Baiqiang; Zhao, Qian; Wang, Zhou; Liu, Wei; Zhang, Jianying; Zhou, Yan; Sun, Qian; Huang, Haiyan; Huang, Xinfeng; Jiang, Tianjiu; Liu, Jianjun

doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112446

Cited by 8 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Sensitive LC-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS(n)) methods, including ion trap mass spectrometry [84,86,105,107] and Orbitrap technology [51,71,78,101,108,109], have been developed for the determination of major AZAs and their hydroxyl analogs, enabling the separation of multiple AZAs in a short period of time. The combination of LC-MS with ESI technology allows for the determination of MS dissociation pathways and the differences between CID spectra to be obtained [63,65,68,84,[110][111][112]. Subsequently, through a series of practical tests [69,113], the utility of this approach was demonstrated, including its ability to reduce matrix effects [114,115].…”

Section: Lc-esi-msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Research Status of Azaspiracids

Yang,

Sun,

Sun

et al. 2024

Marine Drugs

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The presence and impact of toxins have been detected in various regions worldwide ever since the discovery of azaspiracids (AZAs) in 1995. These toxins have had detrimental effects on marine resource utilization, marine environmental protection, and fishery production. Over the course of more than two decades of research and development, scientists from all over the world have conducted comprehensive studies on the in vivo metabolism, in vitro synthesis methods, pathogenic mechanisms, and toxicology of these toxins. This paper aims to provide a systematic introduction to the discovery, distribution, pathogenic mechanism, in vivo biosynthesis, and in vitro artificial synthesis of AZA toxins. Additionally, it will summarize various detection methods employed over the past 20 years, along with their advantages and disadvantages. This effort will contribute to the future development of rapid detection technologies and the invention of detection devices for AZAs in marine environmental samples.

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Section: Lc-esi-msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Research Status of Azaspiracids

Yang,

Sun,

Sun

et al. 2024

Marine Drugs

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“…A substitution method was applied to deal with left-censored data [39,40]. In the present study, 0 and LOD were used for ND results; in the lower-bound (LB) scenario, all ND results were set to 0, whereas, in the upper-bound (UB) scenario, ND results were set to the LOD of each toxin [55].…”

Section: Contamination Data Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins from Shellfish in Zhejiang Province, China

Weng,

Zhang,

et al. 2023

Toxins

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The intake of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) may adversely affect human health. Therefore, this study aimed to show the prevalence of PSTs from commercially available shellfish in Zhejiang Province, China, during the period of frequent red tides, investigate the factors affecting the distribution of PSTs, and assess the risk of PST intake following the consumption of bivalve shellfish among the Zhejiang population. A total of 546 shellfish samples were collected, 7.0% of which had detectable PSTs at concentrations below the regulatory limit. Temporal, spatial, and interspecific variations in the occurrence of PSTs were observed in some cases. The dietary exposure to PSTs among the general population of consumers only was low. However, young children in the extreme scenario (the 95th percentile of daily shellfish consumption combined with the maximum PST concentration), defined as 89–194% of the recommended acute reference doses, were possibly at risk of exposure. Notably, Arcidae and mussels were the major sources of exposure to toxins. From the public health perspective, PSTs from commercially available shellfish do not pose a serious health risk; however, more attention should be paid to acute health risks, especially for young children, during periods of frequent red tides.

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“…Among these, the OA group toxins are considered the predominant toxins in China, as they have been isolated from various species of bivalve shellfish [ 24 , 25 ]. Other LSTs, such as YTXs and PTX2, have also been detected frequently [ 24 , 26 ]. PTX2, OA, and its derivatives (DTX1 and DTX2) are heat-stable polyether compounds widely reported in Dinophysis spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PTX2, OA, and its derivatives (DTX1 and DTX2) are heat-stable polyether compounds widely reported in Dinophysis spp. [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. YTXs are a group of structurally related polyether toxins produced by the dinoflagellates Protoceratium reticulatum , Lingulodinium polyedrum , and Gonyaulax spinifera [ 32 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…for YTX group toxins are recommended [ 50 ]. Notably, despite the fact that LSTs can persist at low concentrations in shellfish over long periods of time [ 24 , 26 , 51 ], and chronic symptoms can occur upon long-term consumption of shellfish [ 52 , 53 ], reference doses suitable for gauging chronic dietary exposure of humans to LSTs have not been established [ 26 ]. Thus, a non-carcinogenic health risk assessment model and ARfDs were used to assess the chronic risk of exposure to LSTs in the present study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Lipophilic Shellfish Toxins in the Zhejiang Province, China

Weng,

Zhang,

et al. 2024

Marine Drugs

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Although lipophilic shellfish toxins (LSTs) pose a significant threat to the health of seafood consumers, their systematic investigation and risk assessment remain scarce. The goals of this study were as follows: (1) analyze LST levels in commercially available shellfish in Zhejiang province, China, and determine factors influencing LST distribution; (2) assess the acute dietary risk of exposure to LSTs for local consumers during the red tide period; (3) explore potential health risks of LSTs in humans; and (4) study the acute risks of simultaneous dietary exposure to LSTs and paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs). A total of 546 shellfish samples were collected. LSTs were detected in 89 samples (16.3%) at concentrations below the regulatory limits. Mussels were the main shellfish species contaminated with LSTs. Spatial variations were observed in the yessotoxin group. Acute exposure to LSTs based on multiple scenarios was low. The minimum tolerable exposure durations for LSTs calculated using the mean and the 95th percentile of consumption data were 19.7 and 4.9 years, respectively. Our findings showed that Zhejiang province residents are at a low risk of combined exposure to LSTs and PSTs; however, the risk may be higher for children under 6 years of age in the extreme scenario.

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Shellfish contamination with lipophilic toxins and dietary exposure assessments from consumption of shellfish products in Shenzhen, China

Cited by 8 publications

References 23 publications

Current Research Status of Azaspiracids

Current Research Status of Azaspiracids

An Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins from Shellfish in Zhejiang Province, China

Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Lipophilic Shellfish Toxins in the Zhejiang Province, China

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