“…While it could be difficult to distinguish between these two mechanisms (Schroder, Persson, & De Roos, ), the persistence of effects on ecologically meaningful timescales can often be observed directly. These include persistent changes in habitat (e.g., Brokaw & Grear, ; del Arroyo & Silver, ; Lloren, Fahrig, Bennett, Contreras, & McCune, ); organismal traits (e.g., Hunter & Forkner, ; Little, Fisher, Schoener, & Pruitt, ; Siegle et al, ; Spiller & Agrawal, ); the abundance or distribution of organisms (e.g., Spiller & Schoener, ; Wernberg et al, ); community composition via invasion or extinction (e.g., Davis et al, ; McKechnie & Wolf, ; Nowicki et al, ); the frequency or intensity of the perturbation regime itself (e.g., Crain, Tremblay, & Ferguson, ; Parmesan et al, ). These are certainly not exclusive mechanisms, and many event‐driven dynamics reflect the combined effects of multiple dynamic processes.…”