Shifting Death to Their Alternatives: The Case of Toll Motorways

Congestion, Road Safety, and the Effectiveness of Public Policies in Urban Areas

“…As for accident externalities, Reference [61] indicated that congestion charges may produce significant welfare gains by offsetting accident externalities, though these gains are partially offset by increased accidents on competing roadways due to diverted traffic. This negative safety impact due to rerouting was also highlighted in Reference [72] in a study of interurban highways.…”

Public Private Partnership Management Effects on Road Safety Outcomes

“…Table 2 reports the descriptive statistics of the dependent variables by operator and quality of the road design. There has been significant interest on the relation between road accidents and traffic conditions such as traffic flows (Martin, 2002;Lord et al, 2005a;Anastasopoulos and Mannering, 2009), traffic mix (Albalate, 2011;Castillo-Manzano et al, 2016) and speed of driving (Nilsson, 2004;Pei et al, 2012;Quddus, 2013). On the one hand, most studies reveal a positive relationship between accidents and traffic flow and traffic mix (Wang et al, 2013).…”

“…On the one hand, most studies reveal a positive relationship between accidents and traffic flow and traffic mix (Wang et al, 2013). However, other studies found that heavy vehicles do not seem to be associated with poorer road safety outcomes (Albalate, 2011;Castillo-Manzano et al, 2016). Thus, our model will control the number of vehicles per km On the other hand, the impact of variation in speed on road safety has been widely investigated but results suggest that speed has heterogeneous effects on road safety (Wang et al, 2013;Imprialou et al, 2006) and no conclusive results are derived.…”

Temporary speed limit changes: An econometric estimation of the effects of the Spanish Energy Efficiency and Saving Plan

“…Álvarez et al, 2011 for the impact of oil price changes on Spain) and the level of economic activity (economic cycle, see e.g., Castillo-Manzano et al, 2010;García-Ferrer et al, 2007). In short, see Albalate (2011) on the effect of this price on road safety outputs. Items are described in Section 3: speed is a dummy that takes into account the analyzed change in Spanish speed limits; price is the price of gas consumption approximated by the Brent oil price in Euros; ASI is the Activity Synthetic Index used as an approximation of Spanish GDP; Easter is a dummy variable for the Spanish Holy Week; trading is a dummy for the number of trading days in a month; leap is a dummy variable to take into account the effect of 29-day Februaries; PPS and Penal Code are referred to two legal changes respectively: the Penalty Point System driving license (denominator when is modeled as a transitory change), and the Spanish Penal Code Reform (DEC2007 when it came into force and NOV2007 because its effects started to be felt earlier).…”