To date, much of the research on internationalization and globalization of higher education has focused on the institution or higher education system as the unit of analysis. Institution based studies have focused on the analysis of institutional practices and policies designed to further internationalization. System-level studies focus on state policy initiatives or approaches. In this paper we explore the inter-relationships among multiple levels of authority within a higher education system through an analysis of research policies and activities related to internationalization. While we are interested in the internationalization of university research, our primary objective is to explore the relationships between policy initiatives and approaches at different levels. Using the ''Global Higher Education Matrix'' as a framework, we discuss the policy emphasis on the internationalization of research at the federal, provincial (Ontario), and institutional levels of authority, as well as the international research activities associated with two large professional schools operating at the understructure level. By focusing on the inter-relationships among initiatives at different levels of authority, this study explores the complexity of policy perspectives within the internationalization of research in the context of multi-level governance.
IntroductionThe interdependencies among global, national and local are of increasing interest in the higher education literature. Researchers seek a more integrated framework of analysis in order to understand the complexities caused by the internationalization of university research (Marginson and Rhoades 2002;Enders 2004). A more scrupulous investigation of each plane in the new framework reveals a series of fragmented elements that suggest that the internationalization of research is an incoherent and sporadic process, rather than an amalgamated and planned course of actions (Oleksiyenko 2008). The interrelationships among federal, provincial and institutional policies are one of the areas where such disconnections transpire. This paper sheds more light on the nature of such interdependencies. Before delving into the depths of the multifarious policy linkages in the internationalization of university research in Canada, we consider the broader global perspective of higher education internationalization.