Shifting Sands

Abstract

This essay examines print literature targeting American mothers of infants from the turn of the twentieth century through the 1950s, analyzing text excerpts from "baby books" spanning six decades and providing background illuminating those texts and their authors. Books authored by Benjamin Spock, Arnold Gesell, and John B. Watson are reviewed, along with work of less wellknown but widely read authors Emmett Holt, Herman Bundesen, and others. Changes in recommended feeding and toilet-training practices, sleeping arrangements, and behavioral expectations of babies, as well as the variation in style and tone of the experts' advice are traced through the period studied. Parent advice publications grew in popularity as changing family structures removed traditional sources of information and support for mothers, and the public came to highly regard scientific information and seek expert guidance in aspects of their lives previously governed by traditional wisdom. Included are publications of the federal Children's Bureau and discussion of that agency's role in advising parents through printed literature. Findings from this review assert that despite the advice-givers' presentation of their recommendations as universal and scientific, their writings more accurately serve as a chronicle of changing patterns of beliefs and attitudes of middleclass society rather than an empirical body of knowledge about infant growth and development.

Remedies for the housewife's nervousness: Life advice in Abraham Myerson's popular self‐help texts, 1920–1930

“…Parenting advice from the late 1910s and 1920s intended to guide parents to properly raise their children. Most of this literature, as Atkinson (2017) has shown, ignored the harsh realities of parents' lives and focused on the issues of child‐rearing. In recognizing how recommended child‐rearing practices were detrimental to the health of the mother, Myerson identified how the advice of his peers was a significant factor in the deenergizing of mothers.…”

“…On top of the physical demands, Myerson stressed that since experts recommended mothers provide significantly more care and attention to properly parent children, childcare had also become a source of nervousness. Historian V. Sue Atkinson (2017) has revealed how the role of children transformed due to the transition from an agricultural to an industrial society. Children no longer needed to work, and without their productive roles became more expensive and had more free time.…”