Shifts in xylem vessel diameter and embolisms in grafted apple trees of differing rootstock growth potential in response to drought

Bauerle, Taryn L.; Centinari, Michela; Bauerle, William L.

doi:10.1007/s00425-011-1460-6

Cited by 55 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The use of an index can be a valuable metric to examine larger data sets that are compiled of several species to look for generality in vulnerability patterns (Zanne et al, 2010). The potential of vessel vulnerability during water stress was determined using methods from Carlquist (1977) where vulnerability index (VI) = VD/VF, where VD is vessel diameter (μm), and VF is VF (N/mm −2 ) (Gonçalves et al, 2007; Bauerle et al, 2011; Aref et al, 2013). To parse seasonal differences in vessel traits and vulnerability, three equal concentric rings were overlaid on the cross section to delineate the first, middle, and last rows of vessels to represent the seasonal transition in vessel development from early to late season.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrasting xylem vessel constraints on hydraulic conductivity between native and non-native woody understory species

et al. 2013

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We examined the hydraulic properties of 82 native and non-native woody species common to forests of Eastern North America, including several congeneric groups, representing a range of anatomical wood types. We observed smaller conduit diameters with greater frequency in non-native species, corresponding to lower calculated potential vulnerability to cavitation index. Non-native species exhibited higher vessel-grouping in metaxylem compared with native species, however, solitary vessels were more prevalent in secondary xylem. Higher frequency of solitary vessels in secondary xylem was related to a lower potential vulnerability index. We found no relationship between anatomical characteristics of xylem, origin of species and hydraulic conductivity, indicating that non-native species did not exhibit advantageous hydraulic efficiency over native species. Our results confer anatomical advantages for non-native species under the potential for cavitation due to freezing, perhaps permitting extended growing seasons.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrasting xylem vessel constraints on hydraulic conductivity between native and non-native woody understory species

et al. 2013

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“…This mechanism is likely to be conserved in woody plants. Indeed, several reports have shown that water availability induces modification of vessel diameter in Ulmus genotypes (Solla and Gil, 2002a), Populus genotypes (Fichot et al, 2009), Malus domestica (Bauerle et al, 2011) and V. vinifera (Lovisolo and Schubert, 1998). In addition, the degree of developmental plasticity of the xylem in response to water availability is a function of plant genetic makeup (Fichot et al, 2009).…”

Section: Factors Influencing Xylem Vessel Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Correlation between vessel diameter, maximal hydraulic conductivity in roots and trunks of rootstocks and their ability to confer vigor to scions were observed in many perennial crops such as Prunus spp. (Gonçalves et al, 2007; Tombesi et al, 2010b; Tombesi et al, 2011), Malus spp., (Bauerle et al, 2011), and Olea spp. (Trifilò et al, 2007).…”

Section: Factors Influencing Xylem Vessel Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Trifilò et al, 2007). However, rootstock-mediated vigor enhancement or reduction does not necessarily come with a change in vessel diameter in the scion (Tombesi et al, 2010a; Bauerle et al, 2011). Recently, Murolo and Romanazzi (2014) proposed that significant variation in esca disease expression could be attributed to vine rootstocks.…”

Section: Factors Influencing Xylem Vessel Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

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Can vessel dimension explain tolerance toward fungal vascular wilt diseases in woody plants? Lessons from Dutch elm disease and esca disease in grapevine

Pouzoulet¹,

Pivovaroff²,

Santiago³

et al. 2014

Front. Plant Sci.

128

116

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This review illuminates key findings in our understanding of grapevine xylem resistance to fungal vascular wilt diseases. Grapevine (Vitis spp.) vascular diseases such as esca, botryosphaeria dieback, and eutypa dieback, are caused by a set of taxonomically unrelated ascomycete fungi. Fungal colonization of the vascular system leads to a decline of the plant host because of a loss of the xylem function and subsequent decrease in hydraulic conductivity. Fungal vascular pathogens use different colonization strategies to invade and kill their host. Vitis vinifera cultivars display different levels of tolerance toward vascular diseases caused by fungi, but the plant defense mechanisms underlying those observations have not been completely elucidated. In this review, we establish a parallel between two vascular diseases, grapevine esca disease and Dutch elm disease, and argue that the former should be viewed as a vascular wilt disease. Plant genotypes exhibit differences in xylem morphology and resistance to fungal pathogens causing vascular wilt diseases. We provide evidence that the susceptibility of three commercial V. vinifera cultivars to esca disease is correlated to large vessel diameter. Additionally, we explore how xylem morphological traits related to water transport are influenced by abiotic factors, and how these might impact host tolerance of vascular wilt fungi. Finally, we explore the utility of this concept for predicting which V. vinifera cultivars are most vulnerable of fungal vascular wilt diseases and propose new strategies for disease management.

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“…Rootstocks may provide drought resistance by altering processes other than stomatal closure. In apple rootstocks, drought resistance has been attributed to increased hydraulic conductance, recovery from embolisms in the xylem, and shift in assimilate partitioning to root growth (Atkinson et al, 1999;Bauerle et al, 2011;Cohen et al, 2007). Hydraulic conductance was 66% more in 'Gala' than 'Fuji' stems on any rootstock (Tworkoski and Fazio 2015a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apple rootstock resistance to drought

Tworkoski

Fazio

Glenn

2016

Scientia Horticulturae

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Water for irrigation will likely be less available in apple-growing regions due to climate change and competition with human needs other than agriculture. Apple cultivars and rootstocks may differ in water use necessary for acceptable cropping. In two greenhouse experiments in 2014 and 2015 rootstocks (M.9 and MM.111) and scions ('Gala' and 'Fuji') with known differences in size control and potential resistance to drought were compared under conditions of reduced water availability. After 1 week without irrigation in 2014 the potting soil moisture and leaf water potential (Ψ L) were reduced more in trees on MM.111 than M.9 rootstocks and by 'Gala' than 'Fuji' scions. Abscisic acid (ABA) and associated metabolites dihydrophaseic acid, abscisic acid glucose ester, and phaseic acid generally were greater for both scions on M.9 than MM.111. Concentrations of ABA metabolites were greater in 'Gala' than 'Fuji' suggesting significant metabolic rates in leaves. As noon Ψ L decreased between-1.5 and-2.0 MPa leaf ABA levels increased exponentially to concentrations above 500 ng / g dw and stomatal conductance (g s) decreased to less than 50 mmole H 2 O m-2 s-1. At reduced g s carbon assimilation (A) was low but greater in trees on M.9 than on MM.111. Trees grown on M.9 partitioned less dry weight (dw) to roots than MM.111. However the % dw partitioned to fine roots was greater in M.9 than

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Shifts in xylem vessel diameter and embolisms in grafted apple trees of differing rootstock growth potential in response to drought

Cited by 55 publications

References 37 publications

Contrasting xylem vessel constraints on hydraulic conductivity between native and non-native woody understory species

Contrasting xylem vessel constraints on hydraulic conductivity between native and non-native woody understory species

Can vessel dimension explain tolerance toward fungal vascular wilt diseases in woody plants? Lessons from Dutch elm disease and esca disease in grapevine

Apple rootstock resistance to drought

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