Shigellosis in Custodial Institutions1

DuPont, Herbert L.; Gangarosa, Eugene J.; Reller, L. Barth; Woodward, William E.; Armstrong, R. W.; Hammond, Jack; Glaser, Kathleen C.; Morris, George K.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121195

Cited by 56 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In these relatively affluent settings, viral agents of diarrhea predominate in pediatric populations (19). Nevertheless, some notable exceptions occur in specific settings in which hygienic conditions are less adequate (e.g., pediatric day care, custodial institutions for the mentally retarded), with the net effect of creating environments similar to those observed in less developed countries (20,21 traditional society, the incidence ofdiarrheal disease does not peak until the second year of life (1), likely due to breastfeeding patterns. This timing is in contrast to the pattern observed in periurban slums in many developing areas where diarrheal disease incidence peaks in the second semester of the first year of life.…”

Section: Industrialized World Ecdgmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in human ecology and behavior in relation to the emergence of diarrheal diseases, including cholera.

Levine

1994

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Human po s throughout the world can be found in diverse codis. A proportion of the population of developing countries lves in deprived conditions characterized by r a housing, lack of piped water and sanitation, and widespread fecal contamition of the environment. Enteric infections, particularly due to bacterial pathogens, are readily trnsitted under these drcumstances. In contrast, the majority of nhbitats of idurilized countries live in a sanitary environment that generally discourages the transmission of enterc pathogens, particularly bacteria. In both these ecologic niches, i human ecology and behavior are leading to the emergence of certain enteric infections. Relevant factors in developing areas indude urbanization (leading to periurban slums), diminished breastfeeding, and political upheaval that results in population migrations. In indus d areas, large-scale food production (e.g., enormous poultry farms), distribution, and rtailing (e.g., fast-food chains) create opportunities where widespread and extensive outbreaks of food-borne enteric infection can ensue if a breakdown in food hygiene occurs.In a broad sense, one can divide the world into two distinct ecologies with respect to the occurrence of enteric diseases, with a developing country ecology at one extreme and an industrialized world ecology at the other. Between these extremes, one encounters gradations and exceptions. In each ofthese settings, changes in human ecology and behavior are having an impact on enteric infections. In developing areas, some of the sweeping changes in demographics and population distribution that are underway are creating environments of amplified transmission of enteric pathogens or are attenuating the protective features ofsome traditional practices. In industrialized areas, the changes underway to meet the ever-increasing demands of consumption-based economies are creating opportunities for the importation of pathogens that improvements in infrastructure were believed to have eliminated. Finally, even the gains in infrastructure and commercialization of food production, food distribution, and food retailing, with all oftheir positive impact on health, have by their very nature created environments in which we have seen the emergence of enteric pathogens.Developing World Ecology

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Section: Industrialized World Ecdgmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in human ecology and behavior in relation to the emergence of diarrheal diseases, including cholera.

Levine

1994

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Shigella species are typically transmitted by direct or indirect fecal-oral contact; as a result, shigellosis has long been associated with outbreaks in day-care centers, nursing homes, and institutionalized populations (2-4). However, several studies have demonstrated an increased frequency of shigellosis cases in young adult men residing in urban settings who have little, if any, exposure to these traditionally recognized risk groups (5-9).…”

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confidence: 99%

HIV Infection as a Risk Factor for Shigellosis1

Baer

Vugia

Reingold

et al. 1999

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…In asymptomatic infections, the average number typically shed is even less. Although the average duration of Shigella infections is about 1 week, a study with asymptomatic children showed a postinfection excretion of these bacteria for more than a year (DuPont et al 1970). For infections with E. coli EHEC, high numbers of bacteria (10 9 CFU g )1 faeces) were reported in the early stages, whereas the numbers may drop rapidly to an undetectable amount within 1 week (Paton et al 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A model of the transmission of micro-organisms in a public setting and its correlation to pathogen infection risks

Gerhardts

Hammer

Balluff

et al. 2012

Journal of Applied Microbiology

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Aim: Gastro‐intestinal infections are widespread in the community and have considerable economic consequences. In this study, we followed chains of infection from a public toilet scenario, looking at infection risks by correlating the transmission of bacteria, fungi and viruses to our current knowledge of infectious doses. Methods and Results: Transmission of Escherichia coli, Bacillus atrophaeus spores, Candida albicans and bacteriophage MS2 from hands to surfaces was examined in a transmission model, that is toilet brush, door handle to water tap. The load of viable pathogens was significantly reduced during transfer from hands to objects. Nevertheless, it was shown that pathogens were successfully transferred to other people in contagious doses by contact with contaminated surfaces. Conclusions: Our results suggest that infection risks are mainly dependent on current infectious doses of pathogens. For enteritic viruses or bacteria, for example Norovirus or EHEC, only a few particles or cells are sufficient for infection in public lavatories, thus bearing a high risk of infection for other persons. However, there seems to be only a low probability of becoming infected with pathogens that have a high infectious dose whilst sharing the same bathroom. Significance and Impact of the Study: The transmission model for micro‐organisms enables a risk assessment of gastro‐intestinal infections on the basis of a practical approach.

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Shigellosis in Custodial Institutions1

Cited by 56 publications

References 2 publications

Changes in human ecology and behavior in relation to the emergence of diarrheal diseases, including cholera.

Changes in human ecology and behavior in relation to the emergence of diarrheal diseases, including cholera.

HIV Infection as a Risk Factor for Shigellosis1

A model of the transmission of micro-organisms in a public setting and its correlation to pathogen infection risks

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