Shining a light on clinical spectroscopy: Translation of diagnostic IR, 2D-IR and Raman spectroscopy towards the clinic

Vibrational spectroscopic analysis of blood for diagnosis of infections and sepsis: a review of requirements for a rapid diagnostic test

“…However, significant modification of these technologies are required for high-throughput, streamlined and user-friendly use in the infection/sepsis setting 90 and the methods and devices will require extensive multicentre trials validate the measurements and analyses. The general challenges in clinical translation of Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy have been reviewed elsewhere 66,90 . As mentioned above, vibrational spectroscopy techniques are currently still limited by the requirement of culturing before spectral acquisition and analysis, due to the typically very low concentrations of microbes within liquid bio-samples such as blood (1-10 CFU/mL) 39 .…”

“…Although Table 4 shows the case for bacteria only, all techniques are applicable to other pathogens including viruses, yeast, and fungi [63][64][65] . It should be noted that drying of the sample is required for IR spectroscopy 66 but is not necessary in Raman spectroscopy.…”

Recent advances in the use of stimulated Raman scattering in histopathology

“…Both techniques have been explored as potential diagnostic markers for a wide variety of diseased states but their use in imaging applications is limited by the relatively long acquisition times. 5 Biological Raman spectra are usually divided into three distinct regions as show in Fig. 1A: a high frequency region, often called the C-H stretch region between 2800 and 3200 cm −1 mainly containing broad C-H and O-H bond vibrations; a silent region between 1700 and 2800 cm −1 where no cellular vibrations occur and a fingerprint region between 500 and 1700 cm −1 that contains many overlapping peaks used to identify biochemical information associated with proteins, lipids and DNA.…”

Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy in the Era of Artificial Intelligence

“…The early analysis of human blood serum and other body fluids by vibrational spectroscopy has paved the way for rapid expansion. Over the past 20+ years many studies were published investigating a variety of body fluids with a view to their eventual medical applications [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Meanwhile new research facilities dedicated to biomedical vibrational spectroscopy were established worldwide.…”