Ships and relationships: Competition, geographical proximity, and relations in the shipping industry

Coopetition and Cooperation in the Shipping Industry: A Study on the Brazilian Coast

“…Empirical studies have already highlighted, corroborating this research, the vital role of cooperation with competitors, especially to sustain industries (Song, 2003;Song & Lee, 2012). Coopetition can arise from exclusive or not always exclusive relationships with some counterparties, which can force parties to cooperate with competitors (Nowińska, 2019). Above all, more efficiency can be achieved by the ports by continuing to cooperate and efforts to facilitate more collaboration between their terminal operators, not necessarily just by merging (Knatz, 2018).…”

“…In this paper, when addressing cooperation and competition as consequences in the shipping industry in Brazil, we support the concepts of Nalebuff and Bradenburger (1997) by identifying which organizations add value to their business by cooperating while competing, since the simultaneous existence of competitive and cooperative interactions is a fundamental characteristic of coopetition (Kavirathna et al, 2019). Our study has (a) heterogeneity between the parties involved -shipping lines, operators, cargo owners, and other shipbrokers -useful for studying aspects of the industry's proximity, including competition, and (b) although the industry is strongly dependent on relationships, the propensity to form relationships varies, therefore, these characteristics allow an exploration of the probability of forming bonds (Nowińska, 2019).…”

Inter-firm coopetition and innovation in industrial clusters: the role of institutional support

“…Industrial clusters are typical multi-actor network contexts for coopetition, as they are concentrations of multiple related firms on the same region. Some studies have pointed out that coopetition is the main attribute of industrial clusters (Jankowska, 2013) as characteristics such as geographical proximity, highly related industries and similarity in size contribute significantly to the prevalence and intensity of the coopetition (Nowińska, 2019; Letaifa and Rabeau, 2013; Morosini, 2004; Porter, 1998). Furthermore, as Arikan (2009) points out, the relationship between inter-firm coopetition within the cluster and firm innovativeness is very close, as expanding the breadth of knowledge of cluster firms is crucial for them to better use the resources of the cluster to capture innovation opportunities.…”

Value creation, appropriation and destruction in coopetitive relationships among micro-firms

“…In addition to the well-studied national or international levels, coopetition can therefore be considered at a local level, where cooperation is developed among competing organisations within close geographic proximity (Crick & Crick, 2019). Some researchers have thus investigated this link between coopetitive relationships and the location of the organisations involved, showing that geographic proximity appears to facilitate coopetition in some cases (Nowińska, 2019;Zhu, Lynette Wang, Wang, & Nastos, 2020). However, proximity is not only geographic; it also includes cognitive, organisational, social and institutional dimensions (Boschma, 2005).…”