Shock and post-shock temperatures in an ice–quartz mixture: implications for melting during planetary impact events

Glycine oligomerization up to triglycine by shock experiments simulating comet impacts

“…It should be noted that the shock temperature in multiple shock compression is lower than that of single shock compression because the increase in internal energy is smaller under multiple shock compression than single shock compression (e.g., Mashimo et al, 1980). Although the starting material was a mixture of water ice and forsterite, nonetheless it can be treated as pure water ice for the shock temperature calculation, according to Kraus et al (2010). They revealed that the shock temperature of a mixture of water ice and quartz is in good agreement with the Hugoniot temperature of pure water ice.…”

Impact cratering in H2O‐bearing targets on Mars: Thermal field under craters as starting conditions for hydrothermal activity

“…New experimental data (Dubrovinsky and Dubrovinskaia 2007;Schwager and Boehler 2008;Goncharov et al 2009) continue to show a wide range of possible phase space structure of ice ⁄ water above approximately 15 GPa and for temperatures of 700 K and higher. Figure A1 summarizes some of the published H 2 O experimental data around the high-pressure ice melting line as well as the experimental data on shock compression of permafrost soil (Kraus et al 2010). A general conclusion that can be drawn from Fig.…”

“…Estimates show (Kraus et al 2010) that up to pressures of tens of GPa, the heat wave propagation rate at the boundary of rock and ice (ice VII at high pressures) is about 2-6 lm for 1 ls. The fundamental rule of heat transfer (e.g., Carslaw and Jaeger 1986) suggests a simple scaling relation between propagation distance and time: x $ t 0.5 .…”

“…Moreover, new ice phases have been proposed between the low-temperature ice VII and the melting line above 20 GPa (Schwager and Boehler 2008). This uncertainty in the location of the melting line affects the physical interpretation of the state of shock compressed permafrost from the experiments of Kraus et al (2010): using the ''old'' melting line based on data from Frank et al (2004), the compressed state is located in the water field, manifesting complete ice melting. Assuming a steeper melting curve, after Goncharov et al (2009) and Schwager and Boehler (2008), three of four (if not all four) of the published experimental points are very close to the melting curve, manifesting possible partial melting.…”

“…Interpretation of recent experimental data on permafrost by Kraus et al (2010) requires a discussion of the differences between equations of state recently developed for H 2 O: the Harvard equation of state (Senft and Stewart 2008), hereafter referred to as the Harvard EOS, and that used in this paper (Ivanov 2005b), hereafter referred to as the ANEOS EOS. The Harvard EOS use the IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the thermodynamic properties of water (Wagner and Pruss 2002), while water in the ANEOS EOS is computed with the ANEOS code (Thompson and Lauson 1972;Melosh 2007).…”