Shock wave induced vaporization of porous solids

Abstract

Strong shock waves generated by hypervelocity impact can induce vaporization in solid materials. To pursue knowledge of the chemical species in the shock-induced vapors, one needs to design experiments that will drive the system to such thermodynamic states that sufficient vapor can be generated for investigation. It is common to use porous media to reach high entropy, vaporized states in impact experiments. We extended calculations by Ahrens ͓J. Appl. Phys. 43, 2443 ͑1972͔͒ and Ahrens and O'Keefe ͓The Moon 4, 214 ͑1972͔͒ to higher distentions ͑up to five͒ and improved their method with a different impedance match calculation scheme and augmented their model with recent thermodynamic and Hugoniot data of metals, minerals, and polymers. Although we reconfirmed the competing effects reported in the previous studies: ͑1͒ increase of entropy production and ͑2͒ decrease of impedance match, when impacting materials with increasing distentions, our calculations did not exhibit optimal entropy-generating distention. For different materials, very different impact velocities are needed to initiate vaporization. For aluminum at distention (m)Ͻ2.2, a minimum impact velocity of 2.7 km/s is required using tungsten projectile. For ionic solids such as NaCl at distention Ͻ2.2, 2.5 km/s is needed. For carbonate and sulfate minerals, the minimum impact velocities are much lower, ranging from less than 1 to 1.5 km/s.

Analytical scanning and transmission electron microscopy of laboratory impacts on Stardust aluminum foils: Interpreting impact crater morphology and the composition of impact residues

“…For all except stainless steel, which is based on a single shot (see text), the crater diameter/projectile diameter (y-axis) figures are averages and one standard deviation error bars from the data plotted as linear trends in Fig. 1. temperatures and, consequently, a greater loss of volatile components when compared to less porous particles of the same material (Shen et al 2003). To make a reliable interpretation of a Stardust residue by direct comparison with a laboratory impact, it is therefore necessary to ensure that both impacting particles had similar internal porosity, which may be inferred by measuring their density from the depth/ internal diameter ratio of their craters.…”

Dynamic Powder Compaction Processes

“…Неслучайно идентификация таких моделей часто выполняется на вязких пластичных материалах, таких как алюминий, медь [6,[40][41][42][43]. Наилучшие результаты применения гидродинамической аналогии достигаются при решении задач динамики грунтов [44].…”

Cationic radii from structures of extremely compressed solids

“…I 2 (Takemura et al, 1982(Takemura et al, , 2003, Br 2 (Fujihisa et al, 1995), O 2 (Shimizu et al, 1998), HCl, HBr, H 2 O (Ono et al, 2005), H 2 S (Benedict, 1995), HI (Ji et al, 2009), CO 2 (Lazicki et al, 2010), BI 3 (Hamaya et al, 2010), as well as some crystalline solids, viz. sillimanite Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (Schneider & Hornemann, 1981), borates, silicates, germinates, sulfates (Arora, 2000), Mg(OH) 2 , CaCO 3 , CaSO 4 (Shen et al, 2003), ZrWO 4 (Arora et al, 2004), Sc 2 (MoO 4 ) 3 (Arora et al, 2005), SnO (Giefers et al, 2005) and mullite Al 6 Si 2 O 13 (Kawai et al, 2009).…”