Shock wave sensors

This paper describes the development of PVDF hydrophones for characterizing medical ultrasound fields. The polymer hydrophone approaches that have resulted from this work are discussed, with emphasis given to the spot-poled membrane design that has become the de facto reference device for these measurements. The various national and international standards and regulations that have followed from the successful use of PVDF hydrophones also are summarized. The works discussed encompass polymer-based hydrophones designed primarily for diagnostic and lithotripsy exposure measurements, both in water and in vivo. The advent of these hydrophones has made possible accurate and reliable measurements of exposure levels encountered in medical ultrasound and, thus, has allowed questions of ultrasound bioeffects and device safety to be addressed in a consistent and scientifically sound manner.

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“…These latter transducers, although robust, have resonant frequencies less than 1 MHz and element dimensions of several millimeters [163]- [164].…”

Section: A Hydrophone Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of piezoelectric PVDF on medical ultrasound exposure measurements, standards, and regulations

Harris

Preston

DeReggi

2000

IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

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“…It is emphasised that sensors of this kind can find an application in underwater studies and in medicine, where one has to deal with focussed waves. 37 The possibility of achieving high working areas and the high flexibility of the PVDF films provide a basis for the conversion of the energy of sea waves into electrical energy. According to the data of Hausler and Stein, 38 this idea may be not only ecologically attractive but also economically promising.…”

Section: Technical Applications Of Poly(vinylidene Fluoride) and mentioning

confidence: 99%

The properties and applications of fluorine-containing polymer films with piezo- and pyro-activity

Kochervinskiĭ¹

1994

Russ. Chem. Rev.

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Polymer films based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) and its copolymers, which exhibit piezo-and pyro-electric properties after appropriate treatment, are described. The principal advantages of materials of this class include high values of the piezomoduli, which permit their practical use. Another valuable property, which is difficult to achieve in inorganic materials, is the wide range of frequencies over which the given active element can operate. The possibility of achieving large areas and fairly simple methods of preparation of thin films also leads to the assignment of the above polymers to the category of promising materials for the creation of new classes of recording devices. The trends in the development of new instruments based on these materials, where use is made of the phenomenon of photopyroelectric activity, are demonstrated. The advantages of using these materials for medical techniques are noted. The flexibility of the film and its acoustic impedance, which is close to that of a biological tissue, as well as the properties noted above place it beyond competition with other materials. Furthermore, the ferroelectric nature of the above polymers makes them promising for use in nonlinear optics. The bibliography includes 89 references.

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Shock wave sensors

Cited by 2 publications

References 4 publications

The impact of piezoelectric PVDF on medical ultrasound exposure measurements, standards, and regulations

The impact of piezoelectric PVDF on medical ultrasound exposure measurements, standards, and regulations

The properties and applications of fluorine-containing polymer films with piezo- and pyro-activity

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