Shoe Lifts for Leg Length Discrepancy in Adults With Common Painful Musculoskeletal Conditions: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Campbell, Thomas M.; Ghaedi, Bahareh; Ghogomu, Elizabeth Tanjong; Welch, Vivian

doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2017.10.027

Cited by 42 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The diagnosis of mild LLD (≤3.0 cm) was confirmed by a chiropodist using an accepted clinical procedure (Khamis and Carmeli, 2017). The cutoff of 3.0 cm was selected according to Campbell et al (2018). Subjects were excluded if they were obese (body mass index ≥ 30 * kg m −2 ) or if they had a history of surgery, lower limb injury, or neuromuscular or vascular pathology in the last 6 months (information routinely collected during the clinical examination).…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Leg length discrepancy (LLD) can be either caused by anatomical deformities originating from true differences in the bony structures of the lower limb, or it may be functional, resulting from abnormal lower limb movements (Khamis and Carmeli, 2018). The diagnosis (Brady et al, 2003), classification (Gurney, 2002), and treatment (Campbell et al, 2018) of LLD remain controversial among both researchers and clinicians. Some authors classify discrepancies ≤2.0 cm as mild (Moseley, 1996), while others consider discrepancies of up to 3.0 cm as mild (Reid and Smith, 1984;McCaw and Bates, 1991;Gurney, 2002;Brady et al, 2003;Campbell et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The diagnosis (Brady et al, 2003), classification (Gurney, 2002), and treatment (Campbell et al, 2018) of LLD remain controversial among both researchers and clinicians. Some authors classify discrepancies ≤2.0 cm as mild (Moseley, 1996), while others consider discrepancies of up to 3.0 cm as mild (Reid and Smith, 1984;McCaw and Bates, 1991;Gurney, 2002;Brady et al, 2003;Campbell et al, 2018). These classifications are intended to guide practitioners in the treatment of LLD, but there is much disagreement in the literature as to the magnitude from which LLD requires treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Orthotic Insoles Improve Gait Symmetry and Reduce Immediate Pain in Subjects With Mild Leg Length Discrepancy

Menez

L’Hermette

Coquart

2020

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Background: Mild leg length discrepancy can lead to musculoskeletal disorders; however, the magnitude starting from which leg length discrepancy alters the biomechanics of gait or benefits from treatment interventions is not clear.Research question: The aim of the current study was to examine the immediate effects of orthotic insoles on gait symmetry and pain on mild leg length discrepancy according to two groups of the leg length discrepancy (i.e., LLD ≤ 1 cm vs. LLD > 1 cm).Methods: Forty-six adults with mild leg length discrepancy were retrospectively included and classified into two groups (GLLD≤1cm or GLLD>1cm). All subjects underwent routine 3D gait analysis with and without orthotic insoles. The symmetry index was calculated to assess changes in gait symmetry between the right and left limbs. Pain was rated without (in standing) and with the orthotic insoles (after 30 min of use) on a visual analog scale.Results: There was a significant improvement in the symmetry index of the pelvis in the frontal plane (p = 0.001) and the ankle in the sagittal plane (p = 0.010) in the stance with the orthotic insoles independent from the group. Pain reduced significantly with the orthotic insoles independently from the group (p < 0.001).Significance: Orthotic insoles significantly improved gait symmetry in the pelvis in the frontal plane and the ankle in the sagittal plane, as well as pain in all subjects (both LLD ≤ 1 cm and LLD > 1 cm) suggesting that it may be appropriate to treat even mild leg length discrepancy.

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Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Orthotic Insoles Improve Gait Symmetry and Reduce Immediate Pain in Subjects With Mild Leg Length Discrepancy

Menez

L’Hermette

Coquart

2020

Front. Sports Act. Living

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“…A uniform standard has not been established and the reference is inconsistent with the use of the shoe lift [18][19][20]. Mark Campbell [2] has reviewed the studies of 10 shoe lifts in the treatment LLD which led to LBP, sciatica and hip pain, and he points out that in the above mentioned pain treatment caused by LLD, the shoe lift is effective. However, more and higher quality clinical application studies are needed, including improvements in shoe lift and observations of its effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The treatment of LLD depends on the degree of LLD difference. Often a shoe lift is used on the side of the shorter lower limb, but most scholars have found that although the use of the above insole has some effects, it is still unsatisfactory in the clinical application [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research and development of 3D printing orthotic insoles and preliminary treatment of leg length discrepancy patients

Wang

et al. 2020

THC

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BACKGROUND: Leg length discrepancy (LLD) can cause abnormal posture, muscle and/or joint pains, which leads to walking difficulties. The common treatment is to use a shoe lift on the shorter leg side, but this has unsatisfying results. OBJECTIVE: Through research and development, we created 3D printing orthotic insoles for LLD patients and aimed to improve their symptoms. METHODS: 1. Research and development of 3D printing orthotic insole: (1) foot scan and data acquisition; (2) insole software modeling; (3) 3D printing insole using TPU materials, and (4) post-processing. 2. Clinical observation: we customized insoles for LLD patients and required them to wear them while walking. We conducted general inquiries and a functional evaluation before and after 12 weeks of wearing insoles. RESULTS: There are seven complete cases. The joint and lower back pains were alleviated. The stride frequency, stride and pace were improved in all seven cases. Patients’ overall health condition improved significantly. CONCLUSIONS: The 3D printing orthotic insoles are made with clear procedures and practical operability. By wearing insoles, patients’ muscle and/or joint pains were relieved and their gaits were improved.

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Review of Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis—Reply

Katz

Arant

Loeser

2021

JAMA

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4.1 [95% CI, −6.3 to −1.9] days; P = .87). There were no significant differences between nonoperative management and surgery based on sex, race and ethnicity, insurance status, primary caregiver education level, or primary language spoken at home (Table 1 and Table 2).Discussion | The success rate of nonoperative management and its association with fewer disability days than surgery for uncomplicated appendicitis in children did not differ by age, household income, or transfer status. However, the prespecified 70% success rate threshold for nonoperative management was not met for most subgroups.Generalizability of these results may be limited, as only 19.3% of patients met eligibility criteria and unmeasured differences in patient characteristics may have introduced bias.

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Shoe Lifts for Leg Length Discrepancy in Adults With Common Painful Musculoskeletal Conditions: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Cited by 42 publications

References 45 publications

Orthotic Insoles Improve Gait Symmetry and Reduce Immediate Pain in Subjects With Mild Leg Length Discrepancy

Orthotic Insoles Improve Gait Symmetry and Reduce Immediate Pain in Subjects With Mild Leg Length Discrepancy

Research and development of 3D printing orthotic insoles and preliminary treatment of leg length discrepancy patients

Review of Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis—Reply

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