“…Drawing on the AI system that consists of data collection, computational techniques and output functions, VAs typically perform tasks and decision-making automatically on behalf of humans (Agrawal et al, 2018). Further, they demonstrate the ability to self-improve their understanding of the conversation context as intelligent autonomous agents (Mari et al, 2023). Based on distinctively advanced technology, AI-powered VAs have brought drastic changes to consumers' lifestyles, for example, by allowing consumers to search for information, complete transaction and play music in an entirely hands-free manner, enhancing the overall life quality (Brachten et al, 2020;De Melo et al, 2020).…”