Short- and long-term effects of very low- and low-calorie ketogenic diets on metabolism and cardiometabolic risk factors: a narrative review

GASPA, Gianluigi; NACIU, Anda M.; ROSA, Claudia DI; LATTANZI, Greta; BEATO, Ivan; MICHELI, Vanessa; TURRIZIANI, Clara; KHAZRAI, Yeganeh M.; CESAREO, Roberto

doi:10.23736/s2724-6507.22.03922-7

Minerva Endocrinol

2023

DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6507.22.03922-7

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Short- and long-term effects of very low- and low-calorie ketogenic diets on metabolism and cardiometabolic risk factors: a narrative review

Gianluigi GASPA¹,

Anda M. NACIU²,

Claudia DI ROSA³

et al.

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Cited by 2 publications

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Ketogenic Diet: A Review of Composition Diversity, Mechanism of Action and Clinical Application

Malinowska,

Żendzian-Piotrowska

2024

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism

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The ketogenic diet (KD) is a special high‐fat, very low‐carbohydrate diet with the amount of protein adjusted to one’s requirements. By lowering the supply of carbohydrates, this diet induces a considerable change in metabolism (of protein and fat) and increases the production of ketone bodies. The purpose of this article is to review the diversity of composition, mechanism of action, clinical application and risk associated with the KD. In the last decade, more and more results of the diet’s effects on obesity, diabetes and neurological disorders, among other examples have appeared. The beneficial effects of the KD on neurological diseases are related to the reconstruction of myelin sheaths of neurons, reduction of neuron inflammation, decreased production of reactive oxygen species, support of dopamine production, repair of damaged mitochondria and formation of new ones. Minimizing the intake of carbohydrates results in the reduced absorption of simple sugars, thereby decreasing blood glucose levels and fluctuations of glycaemia in diabetes. Studies on obesity indicate an advantage of the KD over other diets in terms of weight loss. This may be due to the upregulation of the biological activity of appetite‐controlling hormones, or to decreased lipogenesis, intensified lipolysis and increased metabolic costs of gluconeogenesis. However, it is important to be aware of the side effects of the KD. These include disorders of the digestive system as well as headaches, irritability, fatigue, the occurrence of vitamin and mineral deficiencies and worsened lipid profile. Further studies aimed to determine long‐term effects of the KD are required.

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Ketogenic Diet: A Review of Composition Diversity, Mechanism of Action and Clinical Application

Malinowska,

Żendzian-Piotrowska

2024

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism

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Intermittent fasting: a new trend or a valid approach for the treatment of obesity?

ANNUNZIATA,

CAPÓ,

MUSCOGIURI

et al. 2023

Minerva Endocrinol

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Short- and long-term effects of very low- and low-calorie ketogenic diets on metabolism and cardiometabolic risk factors: a narrative review

Cited by 2 publications

References 94 publications

Ketogenic Diet: A Review of Composition Diversity, Mechanism of Action and Clinical Application

Ketogenic Diet: A Review of Composition Diversity, Mechanism of Action and Clinical Application

Intermittent fasting: a new trend or a valid approach for the treatment of obesity?

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