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The metabolic cost of steady-state walking is well known; however, across legged animals, most walking bouts are too short to reach steady state. Here, we investigate how bout duration affects the metabolic cost of human walking with varying mechanical power, metabolic intensity and duration. Ten participants walked for 10- to 240-s bouts on a stair climber at 0.20, 0.25 and 0.36 m s −1 and on a treadmill at 1.39 m s −1 . Oxygen uptake was time-integrated and divided by bout duration to get bout average uptake (V̇O 2(b) ). Fitting of oxygen uptake kinetics allowed calculating non-metabolic oxygen exchange during phase-I transient and, hence, non-steady-state metabolic cost ( C met(b) ) and efficiency. For 240-s bouts, such variables were also calculated at steady state. Across all conditions, shorter bouts had higher V̇O 2(b) and C met(b) , with proportionally greater non-metabolic oxygen exchange. As the bout duration increased, V̇O 2(b) , C met(b) and efficiency approached steady-state values. Our findings show that the time-averaged oxygen uptake and metabolic cost are greater for shorter than longer bouts: 30-s bouts consume 20–60% more oxygen than steady-state extrapolations. This is partially explained by the proportionally greater non-metabolic oxygen uptake and leads to lower efficiency for shorter bouts. Inferring metabolic cost from steady state substantially underestimates energy expenditure for short bouts.
The metabolic cost of steady-state walking is well known; however, across legged animals, most walking bouts are too short to reach steady state. Here, we investigate how bout duration affects the metabolic cost of human walking with varying mechanical power, metabolic intensity and duration. Ten participants walked for 10- to 240-s bouts on a stair climber at 0.20, 0.25 and 0.36 m s −1 and on a treadmill at 1.39 m s −1 . Oxygen uptake was time-integrated and divided by bout duration to get bout average uptake (V̇O 2(b) ). Fitting of oxygen uptake kinetics allowed calculating non-metabolic oxygen exchange during phase-I transient and, hence, non-steady-state metabolic cost ( C met(b) ) and efficiency. For 240-s bouts, such variables were also calculated at steady state. Across all conditions, shorter bouts had higher V̇O 2(b) and C met(b) , with proportionally greater non-metabolic oxygen exchange. As the bout duration increased, V̇O 2(b) , C met(b) and efficiency approached steady-state values. Our findings show that the time-averaged oxygen uptake and metabolic cost are greater for shorter than longer bouts: 30-s bouts consume 20–60% more oxygen than steady-state extrapolations. This is partially explained by the proportionally greater non-metabolic oxygen uptake and leads to lower efficiency for shorter bouts. Inferring metabolic cost from steady state substantially underestimates energy expenditure for short bouts.
Most adults do not adhere to established aerobic physical activity (PA) guidelines due in part to various barriers. PA snacks, or periodic short bouts of activity (<10 minutes) offer a potential strategy to overcoming such barriers and increasing PA. Previous efforts have been focused on eliciting the health benefits of PA and exercise snacks, yet adherence to this concept has not been examined. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current literature assessing adherence to PA snacks and health-related outcomes associated with PA snacks. PubMed, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus were searched for literature published between January 2018-September 2023. Studies investigating adherence and/or the health-related outcomes of PA snacks were included. Of 4201 articles identified, 12 studies were included in the review. Most of the studies were randomized (n = 10), focused on adults with a chronic disease/life-long condition or exhibited a sedentary lifestyle (n = 8), and reported positive health outcomes (n = 12; e.g., improvements in cardiometabolic markers and body composition). Five studies reported adherence to supervised and unsupervised PA snack interventions, with high rates ≥92%. This review supports and extends the previously reported health-related benefits of PA snacks. It also shows promise for increasing overall PA and adherence to the PA guidelines.
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