Short chain alkanols as transport enhancers for lipophilic and polar/ionic permeants in hairless mouse skin: Mechanism(s) of action

Structure–Activity Relationship for Chemical Skin Permeation Enhancers: Probing the Chemical Microenvironment of the Site of Action

“…Importantly also, the 3 H]CS metabolism on the isoenhancement concentrations of all the enhancers studied to date was rechecked with 0.1 mM CS present. In all cases, the E ¼ 10 enhancer concentrations agreed with the values previously reported [9][10][11] and with those obtained early in the present study. Taken together, the aforementioned studies demonstrate that any error due to CS metabolism in the determination of CS permeability coefficient was generally small and negligible.…”

“…Kim et al 9 and Yoneto et al 10 investigated the permeation enhancement of steroidal molecules in hairless mouse skin (HMS) SC induced by n-alkanols and by the 1-alkyl-2-pyrrolidones, respectively, in their aqueous solutions. Later, Warner et al 11 conducted similar HMS permeation experiments with corticosterone (CS) as the model permeant and with the 1,2-alkanediols and N,N-dimethylalkanamides as the enhancers.…”

Formulation and evaluation of ethosomes for transdermal delivery of lamivudine

“…These results correlated well with the mechanism of percutaneous absorption of ethanol that is reported to cause partial lipid extraction. 21 These results illustrated that ethosomes might act not only in superficial SC layers but may also induce lipid perturbations in deeper layers of the SC (evidenced by presence of lamellar stacks in deeper layer of skin), while gel state vesicles interacted only with the outermost layers in the SC. In addition, fusion of conventional liposomal vesicles on top of the SC might also act as an additional barrier for diffusion of drugs, which would eventually restrict permeation of drug across skin.…”

A Multiphase Microscopic Diffusion Model for Stratum Corneum permeability. I. Formulation, Solution, and Illustrative Results for Representative Compounds

“…Anderson and Raykar 35 concluded that ''lipophilicity alone, regardless of the lipophilicity scale employed, cannot account for the relative permeabilities of structurally diverse sets of compounds.'' This and other evidence [36][37][38][39][40][41] has prompted the inclusion of a parallel aqueous polar pathway, whose precise nature is still elusive, in a number of permeability models, 19,22,38,39,41,42 according to the reasonable engineering approximation of additive permeability for parallel pathways:…”