Short-Chain Carboxylic-Acid-Stimulated, PMN-Mediated Gingival Inflammation

Niederman, Richard; Zhang, Jie; Kashket, S.

doi:10.1177/10454411970080030301

Cited by 121 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…When applied directly to healthy human gingiva tissue, shortchain carboxylic acids have been shown to stimulate a gingival inflammatory response and inflammatory cytokine release (50). Short-chain carboxylic acids have also been shown to alter cell function and gene expression and may also contribute to the initiation and prolongation of gingival inflammation (50).…”

Section: Comparative Genomicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complete Genome Sequence of the Oral Pathogenic Bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis Strain W83

Nelson¹,

Fleischmann²,

DeBoy³

et al. 2003

J Bacteriol

360

336

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The complete 2,343,479-bp genome sequence of the gram-negative, pathogenic oral bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis strain W83, a major contributor to periodontal disease, was determined. Whole-genome comparative analysis with other available complete genome sequences confirms the close relationship between the Cytophaga-Flavobacteria-Bacteroides (CFB) phylum and the green-sulfur bacteria. Within the CFB phyla, the genomes most similar to that of P. gingivalis are those of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and B. fragilis. Outside of the CFB phyla the most similar genome to P. gingivalis is that of Chlorobium tepidum, supporting the previous phylogenetic studies that indicated that the Chlorobia and CFB phyla are related, albeit distantly. Genome analysis of strain W83 reveals a range of pathways and virulence determinants that relate to the novel biology of this oral pathogen. Among these determinants are at least six putative hemagglutinin-like genes and 36 previously unidentified peptidases. Genome analysis also reveals that P. gingivalis can metabolize a range of amino acids and generate a number of metabolic end products that are toxic to the human host or human gingival tissue and contribute to the development of periodontal disease.

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Section: Comparative Genomicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complete Genome Sequence of the Oral Pathogenic Bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis Strain W83

Nelson¹,

Fleischmann²,

DeBoy³

et al. 2003

J Bacteriol

360

336

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A mix of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria contributes to vector 2 (unpublished data). Some of the shortchain carboxylic acids (SCCA) produced in vector 2 from amino acids are active in eliciting cell and gingival crevicular fluid changes associated with gingivitis (Niederman et al ., 1997).…”

Section: (Ix) Bacteria That Are Significant Contributors To the Biochmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mixed-bacteria Ecological Approach to Understanding the Role of the Oral Bacteria in Dental Caries Causation: an Alternative to Streptococcus mutans and the Specific-plaque Hypothesis

Kleinberg

2002

Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine

282

131

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T oward the end of the 19th century, the new science of bacteriology arose as a result of major advances in the formulation of growth media and the development of techniques for isolating and studying bacteria. Micro-organisms proved to be major causes of several diseases that were fatal to humans.Disease occurred when a specific micro-organism reached a target site where the tissues and conditions enabled the organism to flourish and reach the elevated numbers needed to cause significant damage to the host and even death. W.D. Miller (1890) learned these isolation techniques and applied them to the examination of the many micro-organisms resident within the oral cavity. At the same time, he found that, collec - C ONTROVERSYResearch on dental caries has a long history, and the biology of its development has proved to be far more complex than anyone might have thought. Specificity and non-specificity of the causative bacteria have been at the center of the controversy of how this disease occurs and how it should be treated. From this article, it appears that the composition, metabolism, and caries-causing capability of applicable bacterial mixtures are integrated, and that they are affected collectively by oral ecological conditions and changes. This is an area of Oral Biology that needs further exploration and could provide significant dividends in the development of our understanding of human ecological infections in general.- ABSTRACT: For more than 100 years, investigators have tried to identify the bacteria responsible for dental caries formation and to determine whether their role is one of specificity. Frequent association of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Streptococcus mutans with caries activity gave credence to their being specific cariogens. However, dental caries occurrence in their absence, and the presence of other bacteria able to produce substantial amounts of acid from fermentable carbohydrate, provided arguments for non-specificity. In the 1940s, Stephan found that the mixed bacteria in dental plaque produced a rapid drop in pH following a sugar rinse and a slow pH return toward baseline. This response became a cornerstone of plaque and mixed-bacterial involvement in dental caries causation when Stephan showed that the pH decrease was inversely and clearly related to caries activity. Detailed examination of the pH (acidbase) metabolisms of oral pure cultures, dental plaque, and salivary sediment identified the main bacteria and metabolic processes responsible for the pH metabolism of dental plaque. It was discovered that this metabolism in different individuals, in plaque in different dentition locations within individuals, and in individuals of different levels of caries activity could be described in terms of a relatively small number of acid-base metabolic processes. This led to an overall bacterial metabolic vector concept for dental plaque, and helped unravel the bacterial involvement in the degradation of the carbohydrate and nitrogenous substrates that produce the acids and alkali that aff...

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“…As dental plaque becomes mature, however, the environment becomes anaerobic (Kenny and Ash, 1969 (Eftimiadi et al, 1993;Niederman et al, 1997) and promote the establishment of more periodontopathogenic bacteria, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis (Grenier, 1992). In addition, the immunological activity of Actinomyces cellular components (Engel et al, 1977;Chen et al, 1980;Clagett et al, 1980;Takada et al, 1993) may promote pathogenicity.…”

Section: (Viic) Phmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucose and Lactate Metabolism By Actinomyces Naeslundii

Takahashi

Yamada

1999

Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine

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Actinomyces are among the predominant bacteria in the oral microflora. This review discusses the glucose and lactate metabolism of Actinomyces naeslundii and its ecological significance in dental plaque. This bacterium has the EmbdenMeyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway as the main route to degrade glucose. The EMP pathway-derived metabolic intermediates, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and pyruvate, are further converted into different end-products, depending on the environment. Under anaerobic conditions in the absence of bicarbonate, the pyruvate is converted into lactate by a lactate dehydrogenase. In the presence of bicarbonate, the PEP is combined with bicarbonate and then converted into succinate through the succinate pathway, while the pyruvate is converted into formate and acetate through the pyruvate formate-lyase pathway. Under aerobic conditions, the pyruvate liberates acetate and CO2 through a pathway initiated by a pyruvate dehydrogenase. A. naeslundii strains also degrade lactate, aerobically, to acetate and CO2 through the conversion of lactate into pyruvate by a NADindependent lactate dehydrogenase. These strains also synthesize glycogen from a glycolytic intermediate, glucose 6-phosphate. Besides atmospheric conditions and bicarbonate, the intracellular reduction-oxidation potential, carbohydrate concentration, and environmental pH also modulate the metabolism of A. naeslundii. Some of the phosphorylating enzymes involved in A. naeslundii metabolism-e.g., GTP/polyphosphate (PPn)-dependent glucokinase, pyrophosphate (PPi)-dependent phosphofructokinase, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, and GDP/IDP-dependent PEP carboxykinase-are unique to A. naeslundii and have not been found in other oral bacteria. The utilization of PPn and PPi as phosphoryl donors, together with glycogen synthesis and lactate utilization, could contribute to the efficient energy metabolism found in A. naeslundii. Through this flexible and efficient metabolic capacity, A. naeslundii can adapt to fluctuating environments and compete with other bacteria in dental plaque. Further, this bacterium may modify the dental plaque environment and promote the microbial population shifts in dental plaque.

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Short-Chain Carboxylic-Acid-Stimulated, PMN-Mediated Gingival Inflammation

Cited by 121 publications

References 124 publications

Complete Genome Sequence of the Oral Pathogenic Bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis Strain W83

Complete Genome Sequence of the Oral Pathogenic Bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis Strain W83

A Mixed-bacteria Ecological Approach to Understanding the Role of the Oral Bacteria in Dental Caries Causation: an Alternative to Streptococcus mutans and the Specific-plaque Hypothesis

Glucose and Lactate Metabolism By Actinomyces Naeslundii

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