Short Chain Fatty Acids in the Colon and Peripheral Tissues: A Focus on Butyrate, Colon Cancer, Obesity and Insulin Resistance

McNabney, Sean M.; Henagan, Tara M.

doi:10.3390/nu9121348

Cited by 426 publications

(281 citation statements)

References 208 publications

(372 reference statements)

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“…Depletion of butyrate is associated with impaired intestinal barrier integrity 62 , and loss of intestinal barrier function is in turn associated with a growing number of inflammatory disease states diseases, including obesity as well as autoimmune diseases and cancer (reviewed in 63,64 ). While butyrate was not directly measured in the present study, decreased levels of butyrate and other SCFA are widely reported in the context of obesity while high-fiber plant products are known to increase colonic fermentation and the generation of SCFA 65 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Fenugreek Counters the Effects of High Fat Diet on Gut Microbiota in Mice: Links to Metabolic Benefit

Bruce‐Keller

Richard

Fernandez-Kim

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is an annual herbaceous plant and a staple of traditional health remedies for metabolic conditions including high cholesterol and diabetes. While the mechanisms of the beneficial actions of fenugreek remain unknown, a role for intestinal microbiota in metabolic homeostasis is likely. To determine if fenugreek utilizes intestinal bacteria to offset the adverse effects of high fat diets, C57BL/6J mice were fed control/low fat (CD) or high fat (HFD) diets each supplemented with or without 2% (w/w) fenugreek for 16 weeks. The effects of fenugreek and HFD on gut microbiota were comprehensively mapped and then statistically assessed in relation to effects on metrics of body weight, hyperlipidemia, and glucose tolerance. 16S metagenomic analyses revealed robust and significant effects of fenugreek on gut microbiota, with alterations in both alpha and beta diversity as well as taxonomic redistribution under both CD and HFD conditions. As previously reported, fenugreek attenuated HFD-induced hyperlipidemia and stabilized glucose tolerance without affecting body weight. Finally, fenugreek specifically reversed the dysbiotic effects of HFD on numerous taxa in a manner tightly correlated with overall metabolic function. Collectively, these data reinforce the essential link between gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome and suggest that the preservation of healthy populations of gut microbiota participates in the beneficial properties of fenugreek in the context of modern Western-style diets.Obesity linked to Western-style diets is the prototypical ailment of the modern era. Obesity currently affects more than 35% of Americans 1 ; and in addition to ties with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, obesity increases the risk of all-cause mortality and exacerbates anxiety and depression 2-5 . While search for effective obesity treatments has become a priority in biomedical research, available pharmacological options for obesity are undermined by issues related to toxicity and off-target side 6 . Herbal medicine or phytotherapy has long been a source of traditional medicinal remedies, and indeed, interest in generally regarded as safe (GRAS) plant materials for the clinical treatment of obesity is growing (reviewed in 7,8 ). Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is an annual herbaceous plant and a staple of traditional health remedies to treat hyperlipidemia and diabetes 9-12 , as well as mood disorders 13 . Laboratory studies demonstrate protective effects of fenugreek on diabetes [14][15][16][17][18] , and suggest that potential mechanisms might include inhibition of intestinal glucose absorption 14-16 , delayed gastric emptying 15 , and/or insulinotropic activity 19,20,17,18 . Protective effects of fenugreek on cholesterol and hyperlipidemia 21 might be based on modulation of hepatic steatosis 22-26 , inflammation 26-28 , and/or oxidative stress secondary to diabetes [29][30][31][32] . While the exact mechanisms whereby fenugreek or its constituents confers metabolic resiliency are un...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Fenugreek Counters the Effects of High Fat Diet on Gut Microbiota in Mice: Links to Metabolic Benefit

Bruce‐Keller

Richard

Fernandez-Kim

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Decreased plasma glucose in response to butyrate supplementation is consistent with other studies (Neogrady et al, 1989;Huhtanen et al, 1993;Herrick et al, 2018), although the mechanism is not fully understood. In nonruminants, evidence indicates that butyrate has a regulatory role in glucose and lipid metabolic pathways in multiple tissues (reviewed by McNabney and Henagan, 2017). Similarly, glucose synthesis from propionate was inhibited by butyrate in sheep hepatocytes (Demigne et al, 1986;Aiello et al, 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postruminal infusion of calcium gluconate increases milk fat production and alters fecal volatile fatty acid profile in lactating dairy cows

Doelman¹,

McKnight²,

Carson³

et al. 2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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Gluconic acid is a carboxylic acid naturally occurring in plants and honey. In nonruminant animals, gluconic acid has been shown to increase gastrointestinal butyrate concentrations and improve growth performance, but a ruminant application remains undescribed. This experiment examined the effects of postruminal calcium gluconate (CaG) on milk production, fecal volatile fatty acid concentrations, and plasma metabolite concentrations in lactating dairy cows. Six rumen cannulated multiparous Holstein cows (60 ± 6 d in milk) were randomly assigned to 6 treatment sequences within a 6 × 6 Latin square design in which each experimental period consisted of 5 d of continuous postruminal infusion followed by a 2 d wash-out period. Test treatments included a negative control (CON; 0.90% NaCl wt/vol), positive control (Na-butyrate, 135 g/d), and 4 doses of CaG (44, 93, 140, and 187 g/d). Cows received a total mixed ration (31% corn silage, 28% alfalfa silage, 5% hay, 36% concentrate) with dry matter intake fixed (25.3 ± 1.7 kg/d) throughout the experiment. On d 5 of each infusion period, samples of milk, feces, and blood were collected from each animal. Calcium gluconate treatments increased milk fat concentration, and a tendency was observed for increased milk fat yield and energy-corrected milk yield above levels achieved by CON, with maximal treatment responses of 4.43% (CON 3.81%), 2.089 kg/d (CON 1.760 kg/d), and 51.8 kg/d (CON 47.1 kg/d), respectively. Concentrations of iso-butyric acid in feces were greater in cows infused with CaG (13.3 µmol/g) treatments compared with CON (9.7 µmol/g). Arterial concentrations of glucose and nonesterified fatty acids were lower (glucose: CaG 2.98 mmol/L, CON 3.29 mmol/L and nonesterified fatty acids: CaG 0.130 mmol/L vs. 0.148 mmol/L) and β-hydroxybutyrate higher (CaG 1.703 vs. CON 0.812) in cows infused with CaG than CON. Together, these results suggest that postruminal infusion of CaG may alter metabolic mechanisms to support a milk fat production response.

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“…Moreover, fiber forms gels in the stomach that slows down starch digestion and gastric emptying which subsequently increase satiety (Yu, Ke, Li, Zhang, & Fang, 2014). Due to inability of both salivary and pancreatic α‐amylase to break down fiber, fiber reaches the colon where they are fermented by colonic bacteria to produce short‐chain fatty acids such as butyrate, acetate, and propionate which have other physiological function such as regulating satiety (Byrne, Chambers, Morrison, & Frost, 2015; McNabney & Henagan, 2017). Butyrate and acetate have been shown to upregulate genes involved in fatty acid oxidation (Canfora, Jocken, & Blaak, 2015), inducing lipolysis in adipocytes (Rumberger, Arch, & Green, 2014), which is important in initiating weight loss in overweight persons.…”

Section: Effect Of Germination or Malting On Nutrients And Mineralsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fermentation and germination improve nutritional value of cereals and legumes through activation of endogenous enzymes

Nkhata¹,

Ayua

Kamau

et al. 2018

Food Science & Nutrition

543

287

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Cereals and legumes are outstanding sources of macronutrients, micronutrients, phytochemicals, as well as antinutritional factors. These components present a complex system enabling interactions with different components within food matrices. The interactions result in insoluble complexes with reduced bioaccessibility of nutrients through binding and entrapment thereby limiting their release from food matrices. The interactions of nutrients with antinutritional factors are the main factor hindering nutrients release. Trypsin inhibitors and phytates inherent in cereals and legumes reduce protein digestibility and mineral release, respectively. Interaction of phytates and phenolic compounds with minerals is significant in cereals and legumes. Fermentation and germination are commonly used to disrupt these interactions and make nutrients and phytochemicals free and accessible to digestive enzymes. This paper presents a review on traditional fermentation and germination processes as a means to address myriad interactions through activation of endogenous enzymes such as α‐amylase, pullulanase, phytase, and other glucosidases. These enzymes degrade antinutritional factors and break down complex macronutrients to their simple and more digestible forms.

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Short Chain Fatty Acids in the Colon and Peripheral Tissues: A Focus on Butyrate, Colon Cancer, Obesity and Insulin Resistance

Cited by 426 publications

References 208 publications

Fenugreek Counters the Effects of High Fat Diet on Gut Microbiota in Mice: Links to Metabolic Benefit

Fenugreek Counters the Effects of High Fat Diet on Gut Microbiota in Mice: Links to Metabolic Benefit

Postruminal infusion of calcium gluconate increases milk fat production and alters fecal volatile fatty acid profile in lactating dairy cows

Fermentation and germination improve nutritional value of cereals and legumes through activation of endogenous enzymes

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