Short-Chain Fatty Acids in the Human Colon: Relation to Gastrointestinal Health and Disease

Pb, Mortensen; Mr, Clausen

doi:10.3109/00365529609094568

Cited by 445 publications

(315 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Nevertheless, the high variability between volunteers, in terms of faecal counts of propionibacteria as well as in terms of SCFAs concentrations, does not allow us to draw clear conclusions. Thus, further investigations on the influence of ingesting humanderived propionibacteria are needed to establish their impact on volatile fatty acid production, which was demonstrated to exert beneficial effects on human health [21].…”

Section: Human Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival and beneficial effects of propionibacteria in the human gut: in vivo and in vitro investigations

Jan

Leverrier

Proudy

et al. 2002

Lait

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-Propionibacteria, which are largely used as Swiss-type cheese starters, also constitute promising human probiotics because of their beneficial effects on intestinal bifidobacteria and bacterial enzyme activities. To be efficient, they must survive acid stress imposed within the stomach and the surfactant effects of bile salts. We thus investigated the ability of Propionibacterium freudenreichii (strain Propiofidus ® SI41) to adapt to, and survive these stresses. In an in vivo study, 7 volunteers received Propiofidus ® SI41 in 3 different modes. The probiotic was supplied during 3 periods (i) in classical capsules at a low dose (5 × 10 9 CFU·d -1 ), (ii) in the same capsules at a higher dose (5 × 10 10 CFU·d -1 ), (iii) in acid-resistant capsules at the low dose. In the first case, propionibacteria were recovered above 10 5 CFU·g -1 in only 8 out of 14 faecal samples. In the two following cases, they were enumerated in all faecal samples between 10 5 and 10 7 CFU·g -1 . The recovery of live propionibacteria in faecal samples seemed to be related to a higher content in short chain fatty acids. This study, which clearly showed the role of gastric protection in the survival of propionibacteria, led us to investigate stress adaptation in this strain. Acid tolerance response was evidenced: transient exposure to pH 5 afforded protection towards acid challenge at pH 2. Moreover, we showed that pre-exposure to a moderate bile salts pre-treatment at 0.2 g·L -1 sharply increased its survival against a subsequent lethal challenge (1 g·L -1 ). Important changes in cellular protein synthesis were observed during adaptation using two-dimensional electrophoresis. Global protein synthesis decreased during adaptation treatments. In contrast, specific proteins were overexpressed during acid adaptation and others during bile salts adaptation. Among the up-regulated polypeptides, a carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP) and the recombinase RecR were identified during both stress responses while the universal chaperonins GroEL and GroES, as well as the replicase RepB, were only up-regulated during acid adaptation. These results bring new insights on the tolerance of P. freudenreichii to acid and bile salts, which should be taken into consideration for the development of probiotic preparations. Résumé -Survie et effets bénéfiques des bactéries propioniques dans l'intestin humain : étu-des in vivo et in vitro. Les propionibactéries, qui sont largement utilisées comme levain d'affinage des fromages à pâte pressée cuite, constituent également des probiotiques humains prometteurs du fait de leurs effets bénéfiques sur la flore bifide et les activités enzymatiques bactériennes, au niveau de l'intestin. Pour être efficaces, elles doivent survivre au stress acide subi dans l'estomac et à l'action détergente des sels biliaires. Nous avons donc étudié la capacité de Propionibacterium freudenreichii (souche Propiofidus ® SI41) à s'adapter et à survivre à ces stress. Dans une étude in vivo, 7 volontaires ont reçu Propiofidus ® SI41 selon 3 mo...

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Section: Human Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival and beneficial effects of propionibacteria in the human gut: in vivo and in vitro investigations

Jan

Leverrier

Proudy

et al. 2002

Lait

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“…The SCFA in the bowel lumen have some effects on the intestinal wall, including the stimulation of colonic blood fl ow and of fl uid and electrolyte uptake (30). Butyrate also functions as an energy source of epithelial cells in the large intestine and promotes differentiation of the cells (2,21) while suppressing the proliferation of tumor cells by the induction of apoptosis (6). Thus, direct and indirect intraluminal supplementation of butyrate maintains and strengthens the epithelial integrity to suppress mucosal damage such as ulcerative colitis (15,16,19,27).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular expression of monocarboxylate transporters (MCT) in the digestive tract of the mouse, rat, and humans, with special reference to slc5a8

Iwanaga

Takebe

Kato³

et al. 2006

Biomed. Res.

137

114

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Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) are monocarboxylates produced by bacterial fermentation that play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis in the large intestine. Two major transporters for SCFA, monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) and slc5a8 (or SMCT), exist in the digestive tract. The present histochemical study using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry revealed the distribution and subcellular localization of the MCT family in the digestive tract of mice, rats, and humans, comparing these with that of slc5a8. The expression of mucosal MCT1 in the mouse and rat was most intense in the cecum, followed by the colon, but low in the stomach and small intestine. Among other MCT subtypes, only MCT2 was detected in the parietal cell region of the gastric mucosa. Slc5a8 had predominant expression sites in the distal half of the large bowel and in the most terminal ileum. The mucosal MCT1 was localized in the basolateral membrane of enterocytes, while slc5a8 was restricted to the apical cell membrane, suggesting the involvement of slc5a8 in the uptake of luminal SCFA, and of MCT1 in the effl ux of SCFA and monocarboxylate metabolites towards blood circulation. The large intestine expressed both types of the transporter, but their distribution patterns differed along the longitudinal axis of the intestine and along the perpendicular axis of the mucosa.Plant-derived dietary fi ber and undigested carbohydrates are fermented by bacterial microfl ora in the large intestine and produce acetate, propionate, and butyrate, collectively called short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). These are monocarboxylates which contain less than fi ve carbon atoms: acetate has two carbons, propionate has three, and butyrate has four. The SCFA in the bowel lumen have some effects on the intestinal wall, including the stimulation of colonic blood fl ow and of fl uid and electrolyte uptake (30). Butyrate also functions as an energy source of epithelial cells in the large intestine and promotes differentiation of the cells (2, 21) while suppressing the proliferation of tumor cells by the induction of apoptosis (6). Thus, direct and indirect intraluminal supplementation of butyrate maintains and strengthens the epithelial integrity to suppress mucosal damage such as ulcerative colitis (15,16,19,27). At least 60% of the SCFA uptake in the large intestine occurs by simple diffusion of the unionized form across the cell membrane; the remainder occurs by the active cellular uptake of ionized SCFA involving co-transport of inorganic protons, such as Na + , K + , and H + (7). As a transporter of SCFA, monocarboxylate transporter (MCT)-1 was fi rst identifi ed and localized in intestinal epithelial cells as well as the heart, kidney, and epididymis (9). MCT1 can transport lactate, pyruvate, and SCFA in a H + -dependent manner. The

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“…[1-14 C]acetate, Na salt (50 mCi), [1-14 C]propionate, Na salt (250 mCi) and [1-14 C]butyrate, Na salt (50 mCi) were purchased from NENe Life Science Products, Inc. (Boston, MA, USA). [1,[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] C 2 ]acetate, [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] C]acetate, [1-13 C]propionate and [1-13 C]butyrate Na salt tracers were purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Andover, MA, USA). A conventional diet was used in experiments 1 and 2, which contained 23·5 % protein, 5·5 % fat, 52 % carbohydrate and 3 % fibre (Kliba 3310; Promivi Kliba SA, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland).…”

Section: Animals and Dietsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After the last feeding by oral administration, the catheters were inserted under anaesthesia and a first arterial blood sample was collected (800 ml). Each rat was then administered, intravenously, a primed continuous infusion of [1,[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] C 2 ]acetate, [1-13 C]propionate and [1-13 C]butyrate simultaneously (all tracers solubilised in 0·9 % NaCl sterile solution; 287 (SEM 5), 97 (SEM 2) and 49 (SEM 1) mmol/kg priming doses and 2·84 (SEM 0·04), 0·96 (SEM 0·01) and 0·48 (SEM 0·01) mmol/kg per min infusion rates, respectively). Arterial blood samples (800 ml) were collected at 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 min.…”

Section: Animals and Dietsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chicory increases acetate turnover, but not propionate and butyrate peripheral turnovers in rats

et al. 2008

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Chicory roots are rich in inulin that is degraded into SCFA in the caecum and colon. Whole-body SCFA metabolism was investigated in rats during food deprivation and postprandial states. After 22 h of food deprivation, sixteen rats received an IV injection of radioactive 14 C-labelled SCFA. The volume of distribution and the fractional clearance rate of SCFA were 0·25 -0·27 litres/kg and 5·4 -5·9 %/min, respectively. The half-life in the first extracellular rapidly decaying compartment was between 0·9 and 1·4 min. After 22 h of food deprivation, another seventeen rats received a primed continuous IV infusion of 13 C-labelled SCFA for 2 h. Isotope enrichment ( 13 C) of SCFA was determined in peripheral arterial blood by MS. Peripheral acetate, propionate and butyrate turnover rates were 29, 4 and 0·3 mmol/kg per min respectively. Following 4 weeks of treatment with chicory root or control diets, eighteen fed rats received a primed continuous IV infusion of 13 C-labelled SCFA for 2 h. Intestinal degradation of dietary chicory lowered caecal pH, enhanced caecal and colonic weights, caecal SCFA concentrations and breath H 2 .The diet with chicory supplementation enhanced peripheral acetate turnover by 25 % (P¼0·017) concomitant with an increase in plasma acetate concentration. There were no changes in propionate or butyrate turnovers. In conclusion, by setting up a multi-tracer approach to simultaneously assess the turnovers of acetate, propionate and butyrate it was demonstrated that a chronic chicory-rich diet significantly increases peripheral acetate turnover but not that of propionate or butyrate in rats.Short-chain fatty acids: Chicory: Kinetics: Rats Dietary fibres are fermented in the large intestine of man by anaerobic bacteria to produce SCFA, such as acetate, propionate and butyrate, and some gases 1,2 . SCFA are found in large quantities in portal vein blood after intestinal absorption and to a lesser extent in peripheral blood. Acetate is the most prominent SCFA in peripheral blood, it is favoured by most cells of the body as an energetic substrate and its oxidation contributes to about 7 % whole-body resting energy expenditure in man 3 . All SCFA contribute to gut health and maintenance 2,4 and may provide further benefits for peripheral metabolism 1 . The intestinal production of SCFA has been assessed in vitro 5 , in in vivo animal models (pigs, dogs, rats) 1 and also in human subjects 6 . Most studies have been limited to the determination of SCFA concentrations in biological fluids in animals and human subjects and only a few have investigated the peripheral turnover rate of acetate or of propionate 3,7 -9 . To our knowledge no studies have investigated the peripheral turnover rates of propionate and butyrate after dietary fibre ingestion in either animals or human subjects.The production of SCFA in the intestine occurs at a rate that depends upon the rate of entry of unabsorbed nutrients into the intestine and bacterial activity within the gut. It varies from a minimum during fasting, to a maximum ...

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Short-Chain Fatty Acids in the Human Colon: Relation to Gastrointestinal Health and Disease

Cited by 445 publications

References 36 publications

Survival and beneficial effects of propionibacteria in the human gut: in vivo and in vitro investigations

Survival and beneficial effects of propionibacteria in the human gut: in vivo and in vitro investigations

Cellular expression of monocarboxylate transporters (MCT) in the digestive tract of the mouse, rat, and humans, with special reference to slc5a8

Chicory increases acetate turnover, but not propionate and butyrate peripheral turnovers in rats

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