Short-Chain Fatty Acids Stimulate Angiopoietin-Like 4 Synthesis in Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cells by Activating Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ

Sodium butyrate and its synthetic amide derivative modulate nociceptive behaviors in mice

“…Moreover, many studies showed that this anti-inflammatory activity is also due to the up-regulation of PPAR-␥ [19,29,30]. Recently, Alex et al showed that butyrate induces the colonic expression and secretion of angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4), a circulating mediator which regulates gut microbiota, fat storage and inflammation, by activating PPAR-␥ [8].…”

“…Moreover, Alex et al have also reported that the metabolic activity of butyrate is related to peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptors (PPARs) [8], a class of nuclear receptors that serve a critical role in the control of inflammation and pain [9].…”

10-oxo-12(Z)-octadecenoic acid, a linoleic acid metabolite produced by gut lactic acid bacteria, potently activates PPARγ and stimulates adipogenesis

“…paracasei F19 (a gram-positive, non-spore-forming bacterium initially isolated from human small intestine) up-regulated angiopoietin-like protein 4 expression via the activation of PPARg in colonic cells [32]. The molecular mechanisms underlying PPARg activation in colonic cells by gut microbiota might be partly related to SCFA-induced activation of PPARg [33]. PPARg has been reported to be comparatively highly expressed in the epithelium of the proximal colon [34].…”

Immunometabolism of obesity and diabetes: microbiota link compartmentalized immunity in the gut to metabolic tissue inflammation

“…In vitro grown ileal organoids have been used to probe Akkermansia metabolite-epithelial cell interactions and demonstrated that a number of host genes were highly modulated by this exposure [111]. These included down-regulation of GPR43 (Gprotein-coupled receptor 43) and PPARγ , two proteins with a role in regulation of host adiposity in response to the microbiota [112,113]. Similar regulatory effects could also be observed by exposing ileal organoids to short-chain fatty acids that match those produced by Akkermansia, suggesting that the production of specific types and amounts of short-chain fatty acids combined with spatial proximity to the host epithelium may be a crucial factor in the ability of a particular bacterium to modulate host metabolism.…”