SHORT COMMUNICATION: Flaxseed and its lignan and oil components reduce mammary tumor growth at a late stage of carcinogenesis

Thompson, Lilian U.; Rickard, Sharon E.; Orcheson, Lindy J.; Seidl, Maja M.

doi:10.1093/carcin/17.6.1373

Cited by 235 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…FS oil is a very rich source of a-linolenic acid (ALA, n-3 fatty acid), usually accounting over 50% of the total fatty acids. 33 We have shown earlier that FS oil inhibits the growth of established mammary tumors in rats, which may be related to its high ALA content 34 or the reduced dietary content of n-6 fatty acids. Furthermore, FS oil in combination with SDG better reduced the growth and metastasis of established ER negative human breast cancer tumors in athymic mice than SDG alone 35 showing potent effect of the combination treatments on tumor development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Flaxseed attenuates the tumor growth stimulating effect of soy protein in ovariectomized athymic mice with MCF‐7 human breast cancer xenografts

Saarinen

Power

Chen

et al. 2006

Intl Journal of Cancer

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In several epidemiological studies, a phytoestrogen-rich diet containing lignans and isoflavones is associated with reduced breast cancer risk, but experimental findings are controversial. In postmenopausal mammary cancer xenograft model, flaxseed (FS), a rich source of plant lignans, reduced breast cancer growth, while soy protein (SP), a rich source of isoflavones, enhanced it. The intake of phytoestrogens is increasing particularly among postmenopausal women, emphasizing the importance of elucidating their interactive effects on breast cancer. Our study determined the effect of FS and SP diets, alone and in combination, on the established human breast cancer MCF-7 tumor growth in ovariectomized athymic nude mice. Tumor bearing mice were divided into 4 groups and fed for 25 weeks either the basal diet (BD), or BD supplemented with 10% FS, 20% SP or 10% FS and 20% SP. After estrogen deprivation, FS regressed the tumor size similar to that of control. SP initially regressed the tumors but starting at week 13, the tumors regressed significantly less than in control and 43% of the tumors were regrowing until the end of the experiment and were significantly larger in size than in control. The combination of SP with FS reduced the tumor growth similar to that of control, as suggested also by the reduced tumor cell proliferation index. In conclusion, dietary FS did not stimulate the growth of estrogen responsive MCF-7 cancers in ovariectomized mice, while long-term consumption of SP did. Furthermore, FS reduced the tumor growth stimulating effect of SP to the same level as control, suggesting tumor growth attenuating effect of FS. ' 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Flaxseed attenuates the tumor growth stimulating effect of soy protein in ovariectomized athymic mice with MCF‐7 human breast cancer xenografts

Saarinen

Power

Chen

et al. 2006

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…In one study the flax seed, its lignan fraction, or the oil were added to the diet of mice who had previously been administered a chemical carcinogen to induce cancer. All three treatments reduced the established tumor load; the lignan fraction containing secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG) and the flax seed also reduced metastasis [70]. In another study the flax lignan SDG was fed to mice starting 1 week after treatment with the carcinogen dimethylbenzanthracene.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition and cancer: A review of the evidence for an anti-cancer diet

Donaldson¹

2004

Nutr J

566

344

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It has been estimated that 30–40 percent of all cancers can be prevented by lifestyle and dietary measures alone. Obesity, nutrient sparse foods such as concentrated sugars and refined flour products that contribute to impaired glucose metabolism (which leads to diabetes), low fiber intake, consumption of red meat, and imbalance of omega 3 and omega 6 fats all contribute to excess cancer risk. Intake of flax seed, especially its lignan fraction, and abundant portions of fruits and vegetables will lower cancer risk. Allium and cruciferous vegetables are especially beneficial, with broccoli sprouts being the densest source of sulforophane. Protective elements in a cancer prevention diet include selenium, folic acid, vitamin B-12, vitamin D, chlorophyll, and antioxidants such as the carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, cryptoxanthin). Ascorbic acid has limited benefits orally, but could be very beneficial intravenously. Supplementary use of oral digestive enzymes and probiotics also has merit as anticancer dietary measures. When a diet is compiled according to the guidelines here it is likely that there would be at least a 60–70 percent decrease in breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers, and even a 40–50 percent decrease in lung cancer, along with similar reductions in cancers at other sites. Such a diet would be conducive to preventing cancer and would favor recovery from cancer as well.

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“…9 Soy isoflavones, daidzin, glycitin, and genistin, are metabolized in the intestine to their aglycone forms, daidzein, glycitein, and genistein (GEN), respectively. 10 In experimental studies, feeding flaxseed, 11 the purified mammalian lignan precursors SDG 11 and hydroxymatairesinol, 12 or ENL 13 to rodents following administration of the mammary carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), resulted in tumor growth inhibition, suggesting a protective effect of lignans or lignan-rich diets on breast cancer. In ovariectomized nude mice with established estrogen responsive human MCF-7 tumors, a 10% flaxseed diet inhibited tumor growth and also negated the tumor growth stimulatory effect of a long-term treatment with tamoxifen.…”

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confidence: 99%

Mammalian lignans enterolactone and enterodiol, alone and in combination with the isoflavone genistein, do not promote the growth of MCF‐7 xenografts in ovariectomized athymic nude mice

Power

Saarinen

Chen

et al. 2005

Intl Journal of Cancer

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This study determined the effect of the mammalian lignans enterolactone (ENL) and enterodiol (END) alone and in combination with the isoflavone genistein (GEN) on the growth of MCF-7 tumors in ovariectomized nude mice. Ovariectomized athymic nude mice with established MCF-7 tumors were fed a basal diet (AIN-93G) and divided into 5 groups that received daily subcutaneous injections (10 mg/kg body weight (BW)) of ENL, END, GEN, a mixture of these compounds (MIX), or vehicle as a negative control for 22 weeks. A positive control group was implanted with an estradiol pellet in order to establish an estrogenic tumor growth response. In the ENL-and END-treated mice, palpable tumors regressed significantly by 91 and 83%, respectively, resulting in final tumors that were similar to the negative control tumors. However, tumor cell apoptosis was significantly enhanced by the lignans. In the GEN-treated mice, tumors initially regressed significantly by 64% but regression ceased following prolonged treatment, resulting in final tumors that were significantly larger compared to negative control, ENL-, and END-treated mice, in part by increasing tumor cell proliferation. The MIX treatment significantly regressed palpable tumors by 87% similar to negative control group, with no effects on tumor cell apoptosis or proliferation. The isoflavone GEN alone promoted the growth of established MCF-7 human breast cancer xenografts after prolonged treatment while the mammalian lignans ENL and END did not. When these phytoestrogens were given in combination, no tumor growth-promoting effects were observed. ' 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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SHORT COMMUNICATION: Flaxseed and its lignan and oil components reduce mammary tumor growth at a late stage of carcinogenesis

Cited by 235 publications

References 19 publications

Flaxseed attenuates the tumor growth stimulating effect of soy protein in ovariectomized athymic mice with MCF‐7 human breast cancer xenografts

Flaxseed attenuates the tumor growth stimulating effect of soy protein in ovariectomized athymic mice with MCF‐7 human breast cancer xenografts

Nutrition and cancer: A review of the evidence for an anti-cancer diet

Mammalian lignans enterolactone and enterodiol, alone and in combination with the isoflavone genistein, do not promote the growth of MCF‐7 xenografts in ovariectomized athymic nude mice

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