Short-lasting fire in partially and completely cured epoxy coatings containing expandable graphite and halloysite nanotube additives

Vahabi, Henri; Jouyandeh, Maryam; Cochez, M.; Khalili, Reza; Vagner, Christelle; Ferriol, M.; Movahedifar, Elnaz; Ramezanzadeh, Bahram; Rostami, M.; Ranjbar, Zahra; Hadavand, Behzad Shirkavand; Saeb, Mohammad Reza

doi:10.1016/j.porgcoat.2018.07.014

Cited by 107 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Polymers are building blocks of advanced materials and systems, but their flammability has been a serious constraint in their usage in advanced applications [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Polypropylene (PP) is a commodity plastic widely used in a variety of applications, particularly in the form of composites in load-bearing uses due to its high rigidity and crystallinity [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Retardant Polypropylenes: A Review

et al. 2020

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Polypropylene (PP) is a commodity plastic known for high rigidity and crystallinity, which is suitable for a wide range of applications. However, high flammability of PP has always been noticed by users as a constraint; therefore, a variety of additives has been examined to make PP flame-retardant. In this work, research papers on the flame retardancy of PP have been comprehensively reviewed, classified in terms of flame retardancy, and evaluated based on the universal dimensionless criterion of Flame Retardancy Index (FRI). The classification of additives of well-known families, i.e., phosphorus-based, nitrogen-based, mineral, carbon-based, bio-based, and hybrid flame retardants composed of two or more additives, was reflected in FRI mirror calculated from cone calorimetry data, whatever heat flux and sample thickness in a given series of samples. PP composites were categorized in terms of flame retardancy performance as Poor, Good, or Excellent cases. It also attempted to correlate other criteria like UL-94 and limiting oxygen index (LOI) with FRI values, giving a broad view of flame retardancy performance of PP composites. The collected data and the conclusions presented in this survey should help researchers working in the field to select the best additives among possibilities for making the PP sufficiently flame-retardant for advanced applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Retardant Polypropylenes: A Review

et al. 2020

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“…The complexity of PU thermal degradation necessitates a comprehensive investigation of decomposition/degradation kinetics of this polymer in order to optimize the formulation and processing conditions, as the basic requirements of high performance coatings [22]. Besides, addition of nanoparticles for improving the thermal stability of resins affects the kinetics of the reaction to help the coating survive in harsh conditions by the char formation mechanism [23][24][25]. As a result, modelling of degradation reactions occurring in these systems would provide valuable information for better understanding of the role of each component, and obtaining a coating with improved thermal stability and properties as the ultimate goal [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyurethane/Silane-Functionalized ZrO2 Nanocomposite Powder Coatings: Thermal Degradation Kinetics

et al. 2020

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A polyurethane (PU)-based powder coating reinforced with vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS)-functionalized ZrO 2 nanoparticles (V-ZrO 2 ) for thermal stability was developed. Chemical structure, microstructure and thermal degradation kinetics of the prepared coatings were investigated. The peak of aliphatic C-H vibrating bond in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of V-ZrO 2 was a signature of VTMS attachment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images reveled that, by increase of V-ZrO 2 content from 0.1 to 0.3 wt.% and then 0.5 wt.%, some agglomerations of nanoparticles are formed in the PU matrix. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the PU/V-ZrO 2 powder coatings was performed at different heating rates nonisothermally to capture alteration of activation energy (E a ) of degradation of PU/V-ZrO 2 powder coatings as a function of partial mass loss by using Friedman, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), Ozawa-Wall-Flynn (FWO) and modified Coats-Redfern isoconversional approaches. It was observed that by addition of 1 wt.% V-ZrO 2 to PU resin the early state degradation temperature at 5% weight loss increased about 65 • C, suggesting a physical barrier effect limiting the volatility of free radicals and decomposition products. Incorporation of 5 wt.% ZrO 2 led to about 16% and 10% increase in E a and LnA of blank PU, respectively, which was indicative of higher thermal resistance of nanocomposite powder coatings against thermal degradation. There was also obvious agreement between model outputs and experimental data. The results reveal that nanocomposite coating shows superior thermal properties compared to neat PU powder coatings, and the presence of nano ZrO 2 in sufficient amount causes retardation of the thermal decomposition process.

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“…Epoxy resins, well-known thermosetting polymers, have been extensively used as versatile coatings and adhesives due to their promising features such as corrosion resistance, appropriate mechanical strength, chemical stability, and desirable adhesion to different surfaces/substrates [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. However, achieving high mechanical properties and the thermal stability of thermosetting epoxy for high performance coatings has been a matter of controversy [ 4 , 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics of Cross-Linking Reaction of Epoxy Resin with Hydroxyapatite-Functionalized Layered Double Hydroxides

et al. 2020

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The cure kinetics analysis of thermoset polymer composites gives useful information about their properties. In this work, two types of layered double hydroxide (LDH) consisting of Mg2+ and Zn2+ as divalent metal ions and CO32− as an anion intercalating agent were synthesized and functionalized with hydroxyapatite (HA) to make a potential thermal resistant nanocomposite. The curing potential of the synthesized nanoplatelets in the epoxy resin was then studied, both qualitatively and quantitatively, in terms of the Cure Index as well as using isoconversional methods, working on the basis of nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used along with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to characterize the obtained LDH structures. The FTIR band at 3542 cm−1 corresponded to the O–H stretching vibration of the interlayer water molecules, while the weak band observed at 1640 cm−1 was attributed to the bending vibration of the H–O of the interlayer water. The characteristic band of carbonated hydroxyapatite was observed at 1456 cm−1. In the XRD patterns, the well-defined (00l) reflections, i.e., (003), (006), and (110), supported LDH basal reflections. Nanocomposites prepared at 0.1 wt % were examined for curing potential by the Cure Index as a qualitative criterion that elucidated a Poor cure state for epoxy/LDH nanocomposites. Moreover, the curing kinetics parameters including the activation energy (Eα), reaction order, and the frequency factor were computed using the Friedman and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) isoconversional methods. The evolution of Eα confirmed the inhibitory role of the LDH in the crosslinking reactions. The average value of Eα for the neat epoxy was 54.37 kJ/mol based on the KAS method, whereas the average values were 59.94 and 59.05 kJ/mol for the epoxy containing Zn-Al-CO3-HA and Mg Zn-Al-CO3-HA, respectively. Overall, it was concluded that the developed LDH structures hindered the epoxy curing reactions.

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Short-lasting fire in partially and completely cured epoxy coatings containing expandable graphite and halloysite nanotube additives

Cited by 107 publications

References 39 publications

Flame Retardant Polypropylenes: A Review

Flame Retardant Polypropylenes: A Review

Polyurethane/Silane-Functionalized ZrO2 Nanocomposite Powder Coatings: Thermal Degradation Kinetics

Kinetics of Cross-Linking Reaction of Epoxy Resin with Hydroxyapatite-Functionalized Layered Double Hydroxides

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