Short profile for the human spacecraft Soyuz-TMA rendezvous mission to the ISS

Generation of launch windows for high-accuracy lunar trajectories

“…The burnout altitude of the launch is 163.9 km, and Earth-fixed velocity reaches 7.36504 km/s tangential to the local horizon. Consequently, the spacecraft is inserted into an Earth parking orbit averaging 177.3 km in altitude, which enables exactly repeating ground track at about 19.3° inclination under Earth J8 perturbation after 16 nearcircular orbits, and also minimum eccentricity after one day to implement the crew rendezvous like Vostok has employed (Murtazin and Petrov, 2012). Recursive orbits with ground tracks repeating after fewer or more (3) revolutions are either too high (~480 km or above) or too low in altitude.…”

“…This planar launch window is stretched to a continuous launch window for contingencies, as the rocket may optimize its launch azimuth or perform a yaw steering during ascent to align with the target plane (ESAS team, 2005). The lighter manned spacecraft launched shall perform a direct or fast rendezvous made possible by the coordinated launch profiles (Murtazin and Petrov, 2012). This reduces propellant evaporation and crew fatigue while still offers reasonable phase angle range between the spacecraft and passive target along the same track.…”