Short Sleep Duration Is Associated with Reduced Leptin, Elevated Ghrelin, and Increased Body Mass Index

Taheri, Shahrad; Lin, Ling; Austin, Diane; Young, Terry; Mignot, Emmanuel

doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0010062

Cited by 2,036 publications

(1,791 citation statements)

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“…Elsewhere, in Kenya and the USA, shorter sleep was associated with obesity in women only [47,48]. Evidence suggests that acute short sleep duration results in an imbalance of hormones controlling hunger and appetite, which in turn, are characterized by decreased leptin (satiety hormone), and increased ghrelin (appetite-stimulating hormone) [49,50]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of body mass index by gender in the Dikgale Health and Demographic Surveillance System site, South Africa

Mashinya

Alberts

Cook

et al. 2018

Global Health Action

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Background: The study was conducted in the Dikgale Health and Demographic Surveillance System (DHDSS) site where we have observed increasing obesity levels, particularly in women, despite evidence of high physical activity (PA) and a relatively low daily energy intake. Objective: This study aimed to assess the socio-demographic, behavioural and biological determinants of body mass index (BMI) in adult residents permanently residing in the DHDSS. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which socio-demographic, behavioural and biological characteristics from 1143 participants (aged 40–60 years) were collected using a paper questionnaire and standard anthropometric measures. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing was performed on all participants except those who indicated that they had tested positive. Chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests were used to analyze categorical and continuous variables, respectively, while hierarchical multivariate regression was used to analyze predictors of BMI. Results: The median age of women and men was 51 (46–56) and 50 (45–55) years, respectively. The prevalence of overweight-obesity was 76% in women and 21% in men. A significant negative association of BMI with HIV and smoking and a significant positive association with socio-economic status (SES) was observed in both sexes. In women, BMI was negatively associated with sleep duration (p = 0.015) and age (p = 0.012), but positively associated with sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) (p = 0.08). In men, BMI was negatively associated with alcohol use (p = 0.016) and positively associated with being married (p < 0.001). PA was not associated with BMI in either sexes. Full models explained 9.2% and 20% of the variance in BMI in women and men, respectively. Conclusion: BMI in DHDSS adults is not associated with physical inactivity but is associated wealth, marital status, sleep, smoking, alcohol use, and HIV status. Future studies should explore the contribution of nutrition, stunting, psycho-social and genetic factors to overweight and obesity in DHDSS.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of body mass index by gender in the Dikgale Health and Demographic Surveillance System site, South Africa

Mashinya

Alberts

Cook

et al. 2018

Global Health Action

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“…53 Thus, the dramatic increase in the incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes seems to have developed over the same period of time as the progressive decrease in self-reported sleep duration. [54][55][56] A growing body of epidemiological evidence supports an association between short sleep duration and the risk of obesity [57][58][59][60][61] and type 2 diabetes. [62][63][64][65][66] The potential mechanisms by which sleep deprivation may predispose to obesity are: (1) an alteration of the neuroendocrine control of appetite characterized by a decrease in the levels of the anorexigenic hormone leptin and an increase in the levels of the orexigenic hormone ghrelin; (2) an increased opportunity to eat; (3) an altered thermoregulation; and (4) an increased fatigue leading to reductions in physical activity.…”

Section: Short Sleep Duration: Association With Glucose Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

The glucostatic theory of appetite control and the risk of obesity and diabetes

Chaput

Tremblay

2008

Int J Obes

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More than 50 years ago, Jean Mayer proposed that changes in blood glucose concentrations or arteriovenous glucose differences are detected by glucoreceptors that affect energy intake. According to this theory, an increase in blood glucose concentrations results in increased feelings of satiety whereas a drop in blood glucose concentrations has the opposite effect. The pioneering work of Mayer has recently received support from our group as low glycemia has been shown to be linked with body weight gain prospectively and has been considered as a strong predictor of the amount of weight regained after weight loss. This state of mild hypoglycemia also predicts the increase in depressive symptoms with weight loss and a greater propensity to glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes, particularly for individuals having short sleep durations. Furthermore, knowledgebased work has been shown to induce a significant increase in spontaneous energy intake being related to changes in glycemic control. In accordance with the glucostatic theory, this oriented review suggests that factors favoring a trend toward hypoglycemia and/or glucose instability might induce excess energy intake, overweight and impaired glucose tolerance. Data also raise the possibility that fat gain might be protective against mild hypoglycemia by providing compensation to the stimuli promoted by a modern environment. Keywords: body weight; glycemia; glucose homeostasis; glucose intolerance; metabolism; weight gainThe identification of the biochemical basis for hunger and meal initiation, and of the signals controlling these neurobiological processes have been the subject of extensive research and debate for some decades regarding the control of food intake. These studies led to the classical lipostatic, 1 aminostatic, 2 and thermostatic 3 theories of food intake control as well as more recent hypotheses. [4][5][6] However, all of these theoretical ideas were preceded by the notion that glucose uptake and utilization played a central and metabolically privileged role in the control of hunger, satiety and the regulation of body energy balance. Although these notions were first discussed and suggested by Carlson in a classic text published in 1916, 7 they were formalized by Jean Mayer into the classical glucostatic theory in the mid 1950s. 8,9 The glucostatic theory of food intake control postulated that reduced glucose utilization in critical brain regions leads to perception and expression of hunger, and increased glucose utilization in these same glucosensitive sites leads to decreased hunger and cessation of eating. Mayer proposed that decreased glucose utilization or 'metabolic hypoglycemia', the point at which the peripheral arteriovenous difference in blood glucose becomes negligible and glucose is no longer entering 'metabolizing cells', was the signal for meal initiation. In his 1955 paper, Mayer explicitly argued that the glucostatic theory would account for the short-term control of hunger and food intake, whereas he invoked a lipostatic mechanism...

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“…Cross-sectional evidence suggests an association between short sleep and obesity in children [8][9][10][11] and in young adults. [12][13][14][15] In addition, two prospective cohort studies have shown that short sleep predicts future weight gain in young adults 16 and in middle-aged women. 7 The mechanisms linking weight and sleep duration are unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A causative path from sleep and circadian clock system to obesity has been suggested through direct metabolic (see for example Kohsaka et al 17 and Kohsaka and Bass 18 ) and/or hormonal changes with an influence on energy intake. 14,19 More indirect pathways are also plausible, for instance, short or disturbed sleep may cause fatigue leading to restriction of physical activity. Physical inactivity may, in turn, have a negative feed-back effect on sleep.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep-related disturbances and physical inactivity are independently associated with obesity in adults

Kronholm²,

et al. 2007

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Objective: To study relationships between obesity, physical inactivity and sleep-related disturbances (obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), sleep duration, sleep disturbances concomitant with daytime tiredness) in adults (X30 years). Design: Cross-sectional study with a random population sample. Participants: A total of 3377 men (mean age 52.3, s.d. 14.8, years) and 4264 women (56.4, s.d. 17.2, years). Main outcome measures: Dependent variables, measured: Waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI). Independent variables, from a detailed interview/questionnaire: probable OSA, other sleep-related disturbances, sleep duration, type and frequency of leisure physical activity. Age, mental health, smoking and education were included in analyses as potential confounders. Results: In men, OSA and physical inactivity increased likelihood for abdominal obesity (WC X102 cm). Physical inactivity also increased, but long (X9 h/day) sleep decreased likelihood for abdominal overweight (WC: 94-101 cm) in men. In women, abdominal obesity (WC X88 cm) was associated positively with OSA, moderate sleep-related disturbances, and physical inactivity. Education modulated the influence of age on abdominal obesity in both genders. Using BMI as the dependent variable did not change the general information obtained by the model. In addition, abdominal obesity was found to be an independent risk factor also in multivariable models predicting categories of a combined sleep duration and sleep disturbances. Conclusions: Sleep duration and sleep-related disturbances are associated with obesity, even after controlling for OSA and physical inactivity. The results support the hypothesis of vicious circle between sleep and obesity.

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Short Sleep Duration Is Associated with Reduced Leptin, Elevated Ghrelin, and Increased Body Mass Index

Cited by 2,036 publications

References 40 publications

Determinants of body mass index by gender in the Dikgale Health and Demographic Surveillance System site, South Africa

Determinants of body mass index by gender in the Dikgale Health and Demographic Surveillance System site, South Africa

The glucostatic theory of appetite control and the risk of obesity and diabetes

Sleep-related disturbances and physical inactivity are independently associated with obesity in adults

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