Short-term and long-term physical effects of exposure to CS spray

Karagama, Yakubu; Newton, J R; Newbegin, C. J. R.

doi:10.1258/jrsm.96.4.172

Cited by 36 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…Coughing, wheezing, and dyspnea persisted for two years after short term exposure to CS in a previously well 21-year-old woman [ 4 ]. Among 34 young adults exposed to CS in a coach, 5 of them had respiratory symptoms, 2 had worsening of asthma, 2 had decreased exercise tolerance, and 1 complained of coughing fits after exercise at the examination done 8 to 10 months after the exposure [ 5 ]. Respiratory complaint rates between 26% and 44% among subjects exposed to tear gases in a regular basis (mean life-long exposure number 8.4 and the mean last 2 years exposure number 5.6) were compatible with the knowledge on the long term effects of CS in the literature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long Term Effects of Tear Gases on Respiratory System: Analysis of 93 Cases

Arbak

Baser

Kumbasar

et al. 2014

The Scientific World Journal

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Aim. This study aimed to assess the long-term respiratory effects of tear gases among the subjects with history of frequent exposure. Materials and Methods. A questionnaire by NIOSH and pulmonary function tests was performed in 93 males exposed to the tear gases frequently and 55 nonexposed subjects. Results. The mean numbers of total exposure and last 2 years exposure were 8.4 ± 6.4 times, 5.6 ± 5.8 times, respectively. Tear gas exposed subjects were presented with a higher rate for cough and phlegm more than 3 months (24.7% versus 11.3%, P > 0.05). Mean FEV1/FVC and % predicted MMFR in smoker exposed subjects are significantly lower than those in smoker controls (81.7% versus 84.1%, P = 0.046 and 89.9% versus 109.6%, P = 0.0004, resp.). % predicted MMFR in nonsmoker exposed subjects is significantly lower than that in nonsmoker controls (99.4% versus 113.1%, P = 0.05). Odds ratios for chest tightness, exercise dyspnea, dyspnea on level ground, winter morning cough, phlegm, and daily phlegm were increased almost 2 to 2.5 folds among tear gas exposed subjects. Conclusion. The rates for respiratory complaints were high in the case of the exposure to the tear gases previously. Tears gas exposed subjects were found to be under the risk for chronic bronchitis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Karagama et al reported that out of 34 persons exposed to CS in a closed area 23 had respiratory complaints after one hour after the cessation of exposure. They followed the cases and showed that respiratory symptoms persisted for 10 months in 5 subjects [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long Term Effects of Tear Gases on Respiratory System: Analysis of 93 Cases

Arbak

Baser

Kumbasar

et al. 2014

The Scientific World Journal

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“…In humans, the acute effects of DCA exposure are similar to the effects documented in animal studieseye redness, runny nose, cough, shortness of breath, phlegm, and chest pain (Karagama, Newton, and Newbegin 2003;Arbak et al 2014;Kearney et al 2014;Ilgaz et al 2019). However, few studies systematically and rigorously analyze their long-term health impacts.…”

Section: Health Effects Of Dcas In Human Studies and Incidental Ementioning

confidence: 86%

“…Many studies utilized people who had been incidentally exposed to DCAs, such as while attending a protest, and relied on individual recollections of health events. Still, the studies indicate that respiratory problems often occur in the days or weeks after DCA exposure and have the potential to linger for 10 months or longer (Arbak et al 2014;Dagli et al 2014;Karagama, Newton, and Newbegin 2003). These persistent symptoms included worsening of asthma, decreased exercise tolerance, and coughing.…”

Section: Health Effects Of Dcas In Human Studies and Incidental Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Tear gas safety and usage practices

Brown

Lyons

Toddes

et al. 2021

JSPG

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While the U.N. Chemical Weapons Convention bans tear gas and other chemical weapons from use in war, their use is still allowed in domestic policing. Public concern about tear gas utilization increases when social justice protesters are subjected to these chemical demonstration control agents. The history of tear gas utilization by law enforcement in the U.S. is rife with corruption and racist intent. Furthermore, the scientific evidence supporting the safety of tear gas is lacking due to both the misinterpretation of public health studies and the paucity of controlled experiments. We find that the current utilization of tear gas is a threat to public health, free speech, and possibly falls outside of the exception for domestic use. We discuss policy alternatives that include alternative crowd control methods, changes to protocols for tear gas deployment and post-use review, increased regulatory oversight, and the possibility of a complete tear gas ban.

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“…TRPA1 plays an important role in allergen‐induced asthma 54 . One of the long‐term severe consequences of tear gas exposure is asthma 201 . Tear gas sprays generate particulate matter.…”

Section: Pulmonary Chemical Threat Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transient receptor potential channels in pulmonary chemical injuries and as countermeasure targets

Achanta

Jordt

2020

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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The lung is highly sensitive to chemical injuries caused by exposure to threat agents in industrial or transportation accidents, occupational exposures, or deliberate use as weapons of mass destruction (WMD). There are no antidotes for the majority of the chemical threat agents and toxic inhalation hazards despite their use as WMDs for more than a century. Among several putative targets, evidence for transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels as mediators of injury by various inhalational chemical threat agents is emerging. TRP channels are expressed in the respiratory system and are essential for homeostasis. Among TRP channels, the body of literature supporting essential roles for TRPA1, TRPV1, and TRPV4 in pulmonary chemical injuries is abundant. TRP channels mediate their function through sensory neuronal and nonneuronal pathways. TRP channels play a crucial role in complex pulmonary pathophysiologic events including, but not limited to, increased intracellular calcium levels, signal transduction, recruitment of proinflammatory cells, neurogenic inflammatory pathways, cough reflex, hampered mucus clearance, disruption of the integrity of the epithelia, pulmonary edema, and fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the role of TRP channels in chemical threat agents-induced pulmonary injuries and how these channels may serve as medical countermeasure targets for broader indications.

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Short-term and long-term physical effects of exposure to CS spray

Cited by 36 publications

References 1 publication

Long Term Effects of Tear Gases on Respiratory System: Analysis of 93 Cases

Long Term Effects of Tear Gases on Respiratory System: Analysis of 93 Cases

Tear gas safety and usage practices

Transient receptor potential channels in pulmonary chemical injuries and as countermeasure targets

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