Short-Term and Long-Term Physical Effects of Exposure to CS Spray

Karagama, Yakubu; Newton, J R; Newbegin, C. J. R.

doi:10.1177/014107680309600404

Cited by 29 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 2 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Coughing, wheezing, and dyspnoea persisted for two years after short-term exposure in a previously well 21-year old woman [36]. Among 34 young adults exposed to CS in a coach, 5 of them had respiratory symptoms, 2 had worsening of asthma, 2 had decreased exercise tolerance, and 1com-plained of coughing fits after exercise at the examination carried out 8 to 10 months after the exposure [37].…”

Section: Acute and Chronic Effects Of Human Exposure To Oc And Csmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Tear Gases on the Pulmonary System

Arbak¹

2013

Tur Toraks Der

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The acute effects of tear gases such as oleoresincapsicum and 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile are well known. Tear gases cause incapacitating inflammatory response in various tissues and organs including the lungs, eyes, nose, throat, skin and others. The final results on the pulmonary system are toxic pneumonitis, asthma aggravation, bronchitis, and rhinitis. Long term effects are irritant induced asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders. The best way to reduce the hazardous effects of these gases is not to use them at all. Key words: Tear gases, respiratory effects, lung diseasesOleoresincapsicum ve 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile gibi göz yaşartan gazların akut etkileri iyi bilinmektedir. Göz yaşartan gazlar akciğerler, gözler, burun, boğaz, cildi içeren çeşitli doku ve organlarda güçsüz bırakan yangısal yanıta yol açmaktadırlar. Solunum sistemi üstündeki son sonuçlar toksik pnömonitis, astım alevlenmesi, bronşit ve rinittir. Uzun dönemli etkileri ise irritanla indüklenen astım, kronik obstrüktif solunumsal hastalıklardır. Bu gazların zararlı etkilerini azaltmanın en iyi yolu onları hiç kullanmamaktır. AnAhtAr sözcüKler: Göz yaşartan gazlar, solunumsal etkiler, akciğer hastalıkları IntrodUctIonThe Turkish Police Department reported that they mostly used Oleoresincapsicum (OC) and 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) as tear gases for controlling protest actions [1]. OC is an organic resin derived from the pepper plant and its toxicological effect is mainly dependent on the amount of capsiacinoids in it. The capsaicinoid content determines the "hotness" of the OC product, measured in Scoville units. OC for nonlethal weapon formulas can differ in potency from 16000 Scoville Heat Units (S.H.U) to1.5 million units, with a 5-10% solution generally recommended as an effective dose [2]. When used, OC causes incapacitating inflammatory response in various tissues and organs including the lungs, eyes, nose, throat, skin and others [3]. OC leads to wheezing, dry cough, shortness of breath, gasping, difficulty in breathing or speaking due to laryngospasm and rarely cyanosis, apnoea, and respiratory arrest in the respiratory system [4].Chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile is a white crystalline substance that is usually mixed with the other compounds in a grenade or canister for use. The preferable form for scattering populations is intended to be a smoke or fog of suspended particles. Being an extremely severe skin and mucous membrane irritant and lacrimator, even at minute doses, CS is found to be effective for controlling crowds [5]. Respiratory symptoms due to CS are nasal irritation, rhinorrhea, coughing and shortness of breath [6]. The effects of CS usually start after 20 to 60 seconds of exposure and resolve within 30 minutes [7]. Animal studies showed that the respiratory concentration of CS 25000 to 150000 mg/m 3 per minute would be lethal for 50% of healthy adults. When used outside, a CS grenade produces a cloud 6-9 meters in diameter, the highest CS concentration of 2000 to 5000 mg/m 3 is detected a...

show abstract

Section: Acute and Chronic Effects Of Human Exposure To Oc And Csmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Tear Gases on the Pulmonary System

Arbak¹

2013

Tur Toraks Der

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Şikayetler kendiliğinden geçtiği için genelde sağlık kurumuna başvuru olmaz. Su veya serum fizyolojik ile gözler yıkanmalı, ciddi solunum güçlüğünde ise oksijen desteği sağlanmalıdır (4). Ç e ş i t l e r i ; K l o r o s e t o f e n o n ( C N ) , Klorobenzilidenmalonitrit (CS) Kusturucu Ajanlar;İrritan olup aeresolformda kullanılırlar.…”

Section: -) Kargaşa Kontrol Ajanlarıunclassified

Mustard group chemical warfare agents and clinical effects

Kalkan¹,

Aykutluğ²,

Topal³

2017

Health Care Acad J

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ÖZETMustard gazı geçtiğimiz yüzyıl içerisinde en çok kullanılan, yüz binlerce insanın ölümüne ve yaralanmasına yol açan vezikan ajanlar olarak sınıflandırılan kimyasal silah grubudur. Sülfür mustard (SM) ve analoğu olan Nitrojen mustard (NM)bu gruba dahil iki kimyasal ajandır. İçinde bulunduğumuz orta doğu ve yakın coğrafyadaki İran, Irak, Libya, Suriye gibi ülkelerin elinde tonlarca sülfür mustard gazı bulunduğu ve bunun bölge ülkeleri için çok ciddi bir tehdit olduğu artık herkes tarafından bilinen bir gerçektir. Ortaya çıkardığı devasa etkiler nedeniyle mustard gazı "savaş gazlarının kralı"ünvanınıalmıştır. Tarih sürecinde ilk defa 1.Dünya Savaşı'nda kullanılmış olan mustard gazı, takip eden yıllar içerisinde defalarca silahlı mücadelelerde kullanılmış asker ve sivillerin kitlesel ölümüne ve yaralanmasına neden olmuştur. Elde edilmesi, depolanması ve kullanımı konusundaki kolaylık mustard gazının tercih edilmesinin en önemli nedenleridir. Mortaliteden çok mobiditeye neden olmasımustard gazının bir savaş ajanı olarak tercih edilmesinin diğer nedenidir. Bu nedenle devletler yıllarca yaralıların bakımıyla uğraşmış ve bu durum maddi ve manevi bir yıkıma neden olmuştur. Oldukça yüksek toksisiteye sahip olması maruz kalınan doz ile doğru orantılı olarak ani ölümleri de beraberinde getirmektedir. Başlıca etkilerini göz, akciğer ve deri üzerinde gösteren mustard gazı kanser oluşumu da dahil olmak üzere vücutta birçok hasara yol açmaktadır. Nitrojen mustard kimyasal yapısı ve oluşturmuş olduğu toksisite bakımından SM ile büyük ölçüde benzerlik göstermektedir. Oluşturmuş olduğu etkiler nedeniyle kullanımı yasaklanmıştır. Kullanımı sonrasında yaralanan kişiler üzerinde yapılan çalışmalar kemoterapötik bir ajan olarak kullanılabileceği sonucunu doğurmuştur. Antidotu bulunmayan tek kimyasal ajan olması nedeniyle yaklaşık yarım yüzyıldır üzerinde yürütülen antidot geliştirme çabaları belli bir düzeye kadar gelmiştir ancak bu konuda halen alınması gereken önemli mesafeler bulunmaktadır. ABSTRACTMustard gas is the most used chemical weapon group in the past century, which is classified as a vesicant agent that leads to the death and injury of hundreds of thousands of people. Sulfur mustard (SM) and its analogue Nitrogen mustard (NM) are the two chemical agents involved in this group. This is a fact known by everyone that Iran, Iraq, Libya, Syria like countries in the middle east and close geography have tons of sulfur mustard gas in the hands which is a serious threat to the countries of the region.Due to the enormous effects that it has caused, mustard gas has taken the title of "king of the battle gasses". Mustard gas, which was used in World War I for the first time in history, has caused massive deaths and injuries of soldiers and civilians, which have been used repeatedly in armed struggles over the following years. The convenience of obtaining, storing and using is the most important reason why mustard gas is preferred as a waragent. More morbidity than mortality is the another reason why it is preferred as a war agent...

show abstract

“…Following inhalation, effects can include a stinging or burning sensation in the nose, tightness and pain in the chest, sore throat, sporadic breath holding, dyspnoea, coughing, sneezing and difficulty breathing 27–33 36 38 40 42 43 55–58. Copious rhinorrhoea may occur along with salivation and burning sensation in the mouth and tongue 24 28 39 56.…”

Section: Clinical Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dermal erythema generally subsides within 45–60 min while effects such as blistering and irritant contact dermatitis typically heal with drying of the blistered area within 4 days and minimal scarring after 4 weeks 1 68. Long-term sequelae following exposure to these agents are rare 34 42…”

Section: Clinical Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Riot control agents: the tear gases CN, CS and OC—a medical review

2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Introduction2-Chloroacetophenone (CN),o-chlorobenzylidene malonitrile (CS) and oleoresin capsicum (OC) are common riot control agents. While serious systemic effects are uncommon, exposure to high concentrations may lead to severe complications and even death. The aim of this narrative review is to summarise all main aspects of the riot control agents CN, CS and OC toxicology, including mechanisms of toxicity, clinical features and management.MethodsOVID MEDLINE and ISI Web of Science were searched for terms associated with CN, CS and OC toxicity in humans and those describing the mechanism of action, clinical features and treatment protocols.ResultsCN, CS and OC are effective lacrimating agents; evidence for toxicity, as measured by the threshold for irritation, is greatest for CN, followed by CS and OC. Typically, ocular and respiratory tract irritation occurs within 20–60 s of exposure. Ocular effects involve blepharospasm, photophobia, conjunctivitis and periorbital oedema. Following inhalation, effects may include a stinging or burning sensation in the nose, tight chest, sore throat, coughing, dyspnoea and difficulty breathing. Dermal outcomes are variable, more severe for CN and include dermal irritation, bulla formation and subcutaneous oedema. Removal from the contaminated area and fresh air is a priority. There is no antidote; treatment consists of thorough decontamination and symptom-directed supportive care. Ocular exposure requires thorough eye decontamination, an eye exam and appropriate pain management. Monitoring and support of respiratory function is important in patients with significant respiratory symptoms. Standard treatment protocols may be required with patients with pre-existing respiratory conditions. Dermal exposures may require systemic steroids for patients who develop delayed contact dermatitis.ConclusionsCN, CS and OC are effective riot control agents. In the majority of exposures, significant clinical effects are not anticipated. The irritant effects can be minimised both by rapid evacuation from sites of exposure, decontamination and appropriate supportive care.

show abstract

Short-Term and Long-Term Physical Effects of Exposure to CS Spray

Cited by 29 publications

References 2 publications

Effects of Tear Gases on the Pulmonary System

Effects of Tear Gases on the Pulmonary System

Mustard group chemical warfare agents and clinical effects

Riot control agents: the tear gases CN, CS and OC—a medical review

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About