Short-Term Bioassays in the Analysis of Complex Environmental Mixtures IV

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-7849-9

1985

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-7849-9

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Short-Term Bioassays in the Analysis of Complex Environmental Mixtures IV

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Cited by 6 publications

References 153 publications

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Induction of prophage lambda by chlorophenols

DeMarini

Brooks

Parkes

1990

Environ and Mol Mutagen

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Chlorinated phenols, which are used primarily as wood preservatives and fungicides, are present in most air, water, and soil samples in industrialized areas as well as in the urine of most people. We have examined the ability of phenol and the 19 isomers of chlorophenol to induce DNA damage using the Microscreen prophage-induction assay in Escherichia coli. Seven of the isomers (2,3,4,-tri, 2,4,5-tri, 3,4,5-tri, 2,3,4,5-tetra, 2,3,6-tri, 2,4,6-tri, and pentachlorophenol) induced prophage lambda in the presence of S9, with the first three being approximately 10 times more potent than the last three. The more potent isomers have either one or no chlorine atom ortho to the OH group; whereas the less potent isomers have two chlorine atoms ortho to the OH group. Although none of the 20 compounds is mutagenic in Salmonella, the prophage-induction results agree with findings by others that most of these seven isomers are clastogenic, are associated with cancer and chromosomal aberrations in humans (pentachlorophenol), and are carcinogenic in rodents (2,4,6-tri and pentachlorophenol). A likely basis for the genotoxicity of the seven isomers involves the metabolism of the parent isomer to a chlorohydroquinone, which can form a chlorobenzosemiquinone in the presence of oxygen. These two metabolites can produce free radicals that can cause DNA strand breaks, resulting in prophage induction in E. coli or, possibly, the chromosomal aberrations/cancer associated with human exposure to chlorophenols.

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Induction of prophage lambda by chlorophenols

DeMarini

Brooks

Parkes

1990

Environ and Mol Mutagen

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Genotoxicity of 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid biodegradation products in the Salmonella reversion and lambda prophage‐induction bioassays

George

Whitehouse

Claxton

1992

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Pseudomonas cepacia strain AC1100 has been isolated and reported to utilize 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5 T) as sole carbon and energy source Metabolites from the 2,4,5‐T degradation pathway were tested for their mutagenicity in the Salmonella reversion bioassay and genotoxicity in the prophage‐induction bioassay The parental compound (2,4,5‐T) and three reported metabolites (2,4,5 trichlorophenol, 2,5‐dichlorohydroquinone, and 2‐chlorosuccinate) were negative with and without metabolic activation in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA102, and TA104 Conversely, 2,4,5‐T and 2,4,5 trichlorophenol were positive in the prophage‐induction bioassay with added S9 2,4,5‐Trichlorophenol was approximately 100 fold more genotoxic than 2,4,5‐T 2,5‐Dichlorohydroquinone was a weak direct‐acting genotoxicant in this assay In order to determine if strain AC1100 eliminated genotoxicity, 2,4,5 T medium was inoculated and the genotoxicity and the amount of 2,4,5‐T remaining were examined over the growth period As cell numbers increased, the percentage of 2,4,5‐T remaining in the medium decreased This decrease coincided with a decrease in genotoxicity in the prophage‐induction bioassay No mutagenic response was observed in the Salmonella reversion assay

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Evaluation of new metallized direct dyes for mutagenicity using the Salmonella mammalian mutagenicity assay

Bae¹,

Freeman

2005

Fibers Polym

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Short-Term Bioassays in the Analysis of Complex Environmental Mixtures IV

Cited by 6 publications

References 153 publications

Induction of prophage lambda by chlorophenols

Induction of prophage lambda by chlorophenols

Genotoxicity of 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid biodegradation products in the Salmonella reversion and lambda prophage‐induction bioassays

Evaluation of new metallized direct dyes for mutagenicity using the Salmonella mammalian mutagenicity assay

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