“…According to this hypothesis, human males are the weaker sex, reacting more sensitively to adverse environmental factors during gestation, infancy, childhood and even adolescence and adult life (Cagnacci, Renzi, Arangino, Alessandrini, & Volpe, 2003;Naeye et al, 1971). As pointed out in the introduction, fluctuating asymmetry is also associated with increased health risks and, therefore, a low degree of fluctuating asymmetry has been interpreted as an indicator of attractiveness and reproductive fitness (Little, Apicella, & Marlowe, 2007;Manning, Gage, Diver, Scutt, & Fraser, 2002;Milne et al, 2003;Moller, 1997Moller, , 2006. The observed higher composite fluctuating asymmetry among !Kung San and Kavango males in the present study supports the male disadvantage hypothesis.…”