Short-term Effects of Phytoestrogen-rich Diet on Postmenopausal Women

Brzezinski, Amnon; Adlercreutz, Herman; Shaoul, Ron; Rosier, Ariel; Shmueli, Aviv; Tanos, Vasilus; Schenker, Joseph G.

doi:10.1097/00042192-199704020-00005

Cited by 233 publications

(92 citation statements)

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“…It may be that the actual dietary content was higher, as another Australian study that provided the same supplement reported much higher urinary excretion (45 µmol/day) of DAI (86) than has been reported in other feeding studies (Table 8); however, the latter study did not observe any changes in vaginal cytology. Two more recent studies did not observe changes in vaginal cytology during soy supplementation (50,87).…”

Section: Proliferation Of Uterine and Vaginal Epitheliummentioning

confidence: 86%

“…In addition to binding competition, phytoestrogens might also influence estrogen availability by raising SHBG synthesis (9). The clinical evidence for this effect is mixed, with some studies demonstrating an increase in SHBG levels in postmenopausal women on a soy-based diet (50) and other studies showing no change in SHBG levels (51)(52)(53) or even a decrease (54) in SHBG on soybased diets.…”

Section: Hormone Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cross-species and interassay comparisons of phytoestrogen action.

Whitten

Patisaul

2001

Environ Health Perspect

174

105

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This paper compiles animal and human data on the biologic effects and exposure levels of phytoestrogens in order to identify areas of research in which direct species comparisons can be made. In vitro and in vivo assays of phytoestrogen action and potency are reviewed and compared to actions, dose-response relationships, and estimates of exposure in human subjects. Binding studies show that the isoflavonoid phytoestrogens are high-affinity ligands for estrogen receptors (ERs), especially ER beta, but have lower potency in whole-cell assays, perhaps because of interactions with binding proteins. Many other enzymatic actions require concentrations higher than those normally seen in plasma. In vivo data show that phytoestrogens have a wide range of biologic effects at doses and plasma concentrations seen with normal human diets. Significant in vivoresponses have been observed in animal and human tests for bone, breast, ovary, pituitary, vasculature, prostate, and serum lipids. The doses reported to be biologically active in humans (0.4--10 mg/kg body weight/day) are lower than the doses generally reported to be active in rodents (10--100 mg/kg body weight/day), although some studies have reported rodent responses at lower doses. However, available estimates of bioavailability and peak plasma levels in rodents and humans are more similar. Steroidogenesis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis appear to be important loci of phytoestrogen actions, but these inferences must be tentative because good dose-response data are not available for many end points. The similarity of reported proliferative and antiproliferative doses illustrates the need for fuller examination of dose-response relationships and multiple end points in assessing phytoestrogen actions.

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Section: Proliferation Of Uterine and Vaginal Epitheliummentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Hormone Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-species and interassay comparisons of phytoestrogen action.

Whitten

Patisaul

2001

Environ Health Perspect

174

105

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“…Phytoestrogens or phytoestrogen-rich foods have also been reported to act estrogenically by reducing menopause related symptoms. 41 The phytoestrogen dose (10 mg/kg BW) used in this study has been utilized previously 13 but the method of administration was by gavage. Others have shown that the same concentration of phytoestrogens given to rats by gavage resulted in lower serum levels than when given subcutaneously.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mammalian lignans enterolactone and enterodiol, alone and in combination with the isoflavone genistein, do not promote the growth of MCF‐7 xenografts in ovariectomized athymic nude mice

Power

Saarinen

Chen

et al. 2005

Intl Journal of Cancer

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This study determined the effect of the mammalian lignans enterolactone (ENL) and enterodiol (END) alone and in combination with the isoflavone genistein (GEN) on the growth of MCF-7 tumors in ovariectomized nude mice. Ovariectomized athymic nude mice with established MCF-7 tumors were fed a basal diet (AIN-93G) and divided into 5 groups that received daily subcutaneous injections (10 mg/kg body weight (BW)) of ENL, END, GEN, a mixture of these compounds (MIX), or vehicle as a negative control for 22 weeks. A positive control group was implanted with an estradiol pellet in order to establish an estrogenic tumor growth response. In the ENL-and END-treated mice, palpable tumors regressed significantly by 91 and 83%, respectively, resulting in final tumors that were similar to the negative control tumors. However, tumor cell apoptosis was significantly enhanced by the lignans. In the GEN-treated mice, tumors initially regressed significantly by 64% but regression ceased following prolonged treatment, resulting in final tumors that were significantly larger compared to negative control, ENL-, and END-treated mice, in part by increasing tumor cell proliferation. The MIX treatment significantly regressed palpable tumors by 87% similar to negative control group, with no effects on tumor cell apoptosis or proliferation. The isoflavone GEN alone promoted the growth of established MCF-7 human breast cancer xenografts after prolonged treatment while the mammalian lignans ENL and END did not. When these phytoestrogens were given in combination, no tumor growth-promoting effects were observed. ' 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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“…Brzezinski et al 104 did not compare the effects of treatment between groups, although it appears that improvements in total menopausal symptoms score and hot flushes were similar in both the isoflavonesupplemented and control diet groups. However, the vaginal dryness score appeared to be more improved in the isoflavone-supplemented group compared with the control diet group 104 . The trial by Albertazzi et al 105 found significantly greater reductions in hot flush frequency and severity among isoflavone users.…”

Section: Climacteric Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The Murkies et al study utilized a phyto-oestrogen-poor control treatment, wheat flour, and the subjects were instructed to finish the prescribed treatment over the course of the entire day 103 . The Brzezinski et al trial utilized an unsupplemented, isoflavone-poor diet as its control, and instructed the subjects randomized to a 'phyto-oestrogen rich' diet to consume an appropriate amount of isoflavone-rich foods during the day 104 . The Albertazzi et al trial utilized a casein (isoflavone-free) supplement as the control 105 , and the Washburn et al trial utilized a carbohydrate supplement (isoflavone free) as the control 106 .…”

Section: Climacteric Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health potential of soy isoflavones for menopausal women

Anderson¹,

Anthony

Cline

et al. 1999

Public Health Nutr.

143

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Objective: To review the current literature on the effects of soy isoflavones, one class of phyto-oestrogens, on cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, cancer and climacteric symptoms. Design: Many study designs were employed in the reports reviewed here, including prospective human trials, observational human studies, animal experiments and in vitro cell studies that explored the protective or preventive effects of soy isoflavones (genistein, daidzein and glycitein alone or mixed). Setting: Diverse settings were employed, depending on study design. Subjects: Human subjects, mostly menopausal or postmenopausal, were included, as were animal models and specific cell types. Results: The findings were: (i) isoflavones plus soy protein together were needed to obtain the highly significant beneficial results on blood lipids and arterial dimensions; (ii) isoflavone treatments alone at high doses (relative to above) consistently improved bone parameters in rodent ovariectomized models, but not in humans or primates; (iii) isoflavones were not consistent in exerting positive effects regarding the prevention or treatment of cancers of the mammary glands, uterus and colon; and (iv) the effects of isoflavones on climacteric symptoms were not clear-cut. Conclusions:The promise of soy isoflavones reducing chronic disease risk seems to be non-uniform, with the most conclusive benefits occurring in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, but other organ systems, such as skeletal and reproductive tissues, may also benefit from the consumption of soy and soy-derived products. Phyto-oestrogenic molecules have received a great deal of attention over the last few years because of their potentially preventive roles against a few of today's most prevalent chronic diseases, namely, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis and hormone-related cancers 1,2 . The particular plant molecules of interest are isoflavones, which are found in abundance in soybeans and their derivative foods, such as tofu, miso and others. Of the several isoflavones that are made by soybeans, genistein, in particular, has been experimentally shown to be the most efficacious in human subjects and animal models. For the last several years, a concerted effort has been mounted to identify alternatives to traditional hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Pharmaceutical companies have been developing selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), which ideally will provide the beneficial effects of oestrogen replacement for bones, cardiovascular system and cognitive function, without adverse effects on breast and endometrial cancer. As a result, SERMs should not require co-administration with a progestin, which can eliminate the side effects that some women experience with that hormone. The first molecules of this new class of drugs to become available are tamoxifen and raloxifene, which exhibit many, but not all, of the qualities of an ideal HRT. Many consumers would also prefer to avoid synthetic molecules in favour of natural products. Soy phytooestrogens, na...

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Short-term Effects of Phytoestrogen-rich Diet on Postmenopausal Women

Cited by 233 publications

References 0 publications

Cross-species and interassay comparisons of phytoestrogen action.

Cross-species and interassay comparisons of phytoestrogen action.

Mammalian lignans enterolactone and enterodiol, alone and in combination with the isoflavone genistein, do not promote the growth of MCF‐7 xenografts in ovariectomized athymic nude mice

Health potential of soy isoflavones for menopausal women

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