Short-term exposure to acid water impairs osmoregulation, seawater tolerance, and subsequent marine survival of smolts of Altantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>)

Staurnes, Magne; Hansen, L. P.; Fugelli, K.; Haraldstad, Ø.

doi:10.1139/f96-099

Cited by 46 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…Consequently, acid/Al exposure results in the loss of ion regulatory ability due to an increase in branchial permeability and an inhibition of active ion uptake (Booth et al, 1988;McDonald et al, 1991). Increased permeability may be caused by the displacement of Ca 2+ ions from anionic gill binding sites by Al, resulting in the weakening of intercellular tight junctions (Booth et al, 1988;Freda et al, 1991), whereas inhibition of ion uptake may result from damage to or alteration of gill chloride cells (Jagoe and Haines, 1997), and decreased gill Na + ,K + -ATPase (NKA) activity (Staurnes et al, 1993(Staurnes et al, , 1996Kroglund and Staurnes, 1999;Magee et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of short-term acid and aluminum exposure on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) physiology: A direct comparison of parr and smolts

Monette

McCormick

2008

Aquatic Toxicology

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Episodic acidification resulting in increased acidity and inorganic aluminum (Al i ) is known to impact anadromous salmonids and has been identified as a possible cause of Atlantic salmon population decline. Sensitive life-stages such as smolts may be particularly vulnerable to impacts of short-term (days-week) acid/Al exposure, however the extent and mechanism(s) of this remain unknown. To determine if Atlantic salmon smolts are more sensitive than parr to short-term acid/Al, parr and smolts held in the same experimental tanks were exposed to control (pH 6.3-6.6, 11-37 g l −1 Al i ) and acid/Al (pH 5.0-5.4, 43-68 g l −1 Al i ) conditions in the lab, and impacts on ion regulation, stress response and gill Al accumulation were examined after 2 and 6 days. Parr and smolts were also held in cages for 2 and 6 days in a reference (Rock River, RR) and an acid/Al-impacted tributary (Ball Mountain Brook, BMB) of the West River in Southern Vermont. In the lab, losses in plasma Cl − levels occurred in both control parr and smolts as compared to fish sampled prior to the start of the study, however smolts exposed to acid/Al experienced additional losses in plasma Cl − levels (9-14 mM) after 2 and 6 days, and increases in plasma cortisol (4.3-fold) and glucose (2.9-fold) levels after 6 days, whereas these parameters were not significantly affected by acid/Al in parr. Gill Na + ,K + -ATPase (NKA) activity was not affected by acid/Al in either life-stage. Both parr and smolts held at BMB (but not RR) exhibited declines in plasma Cl − , and increases in plasma cortisol and glucose levels; these differences were significantly greater in smolts after 2 days but similar in parr and smolts after 6 days. Gill NKA activity was reduced 45-54% in both life-stages held at BMB for 6 days compared to reference fish at RR. In both studies, exposure to acid/Al resulted in gill Al accumulation in parr and smolts, with parr exhibiting two-fold greater gill Al than smolts after 6 days. Our results indicate that smolts are more sensitive than parr to short-term acid/Al. Increased sensitivity of smolts appears to be independent of a reduction in gill NKA activity and greater gill Al accumulation. Instead, increased sensitivity of smolts is likely a result of both the acquisition of seawater tolerance while still in freshwater and heightened stress responsiveness in preparation for seawater entry and residence.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of short-term acid and aluminum exposure on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) physiology: A direct comparison of parr and smolts

Monette

McCormick

2008

Aquatic Toxicology

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“…The cause-effect mechanisms for this phenomenon are different form those associated with mortality in freshwater. Reduced seawater survival is most likely due to the direct effects Al has on the gill Na + ,K + -ATPase activity (ability to maintain homeostasis in seawater), on mucus quality (charge and density), immunosuppression (increased sensitivity to diseases and parasites) and behavior effects related to loss of fright response and willingness to enter full strength seawater (Berntssen et al, 1993;Finstad et al, 2007;Kroglund and Staurnes, 1999;Kroglund et al, 2007;Magee et al, 2003;Staurnes et al, 1984Staurnes et al, , 1995Staurnes et al, , 1996Rosseland et al, 1992). Of these, Al-induced effects on gill Na + , K + -ATPase activity has received most attention.…”

Section: Water Quality Limitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effects of an episode can be simulated in short-term experiments where the toxic components and the toxicity moderating variables can be controlled and varied (data included here). Population responses to prior exposures can be tested in exposure/release experiments (Staurnes et al, 1996;Kroglund and Finstad, 2003;Kroglund et al, 2007;Magee et al, 2003). The results can later be feed into water quality/biological response models (Korman et al, 1994;Monteith et al, 2005).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The biological response used to identify NOEC for salmon has changed over the last decades; from focus on mortality and ionoregulatory responses in freshwater to an increased awareness that acidification also effects growth and behavior (Gensemer and Playle, 1999;Rosseland and Staurnes, 1994). More recently, research has provided data demonstrating how pre-smolt and smolt exposed to Al in freshwater can produce a delayed response, leading to mortality and population effects after the fish left freshwater and entered seawater (Kroglund and Finstad, 2003;Kroglund et al, 2007;Magee et al, 2001;Staurnes et al, 1996). While severe acidification affects population status by causing mortality in freshwater, moderate to low levels of acidification can have equal strong effects on population health by reducing smolt quality having an effect on post-smolt survival Kroglund and Finstad, 2003;Magee et al, 2001;Staurnes et al, 1996).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recently, research has provided data demonstrating how pre-smolt and smolt exposed to Al in freshwater can produce a delayed response, leading to mortality and population effects after the fish left freshwater and entered seawater (Kroglund and Finstad, 2003;Kroglund et al, 2007;Magee et al, 2001;Staurnes et al, 1996). While severe acidification affects population status by causing mortality in freshwater, moderate to low levels of acidification can have equal strong effects on population health by reducing smolt quality having an effect on post-smolt survival Kroglund and Finstad, 2003;Magee et al, 2001;Staurnes et al, 1996). Because smolt leave the river over a time span of several weeks and episodes can last days, parts of the smolt run can contain fish affected by Al, while other parts of the population leave the river at a time with satisfactory water quality or after they have recovered from the episode.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water quality limits for Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i> L.) exposed to short term reductions in pH and increased aluminum simulating episodes

Kroglund

Rosseland

Teien³

et al. 2008

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Acidification has caused the loss or reduction of numerous Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) populations on both sides of the North Atlantic. Acid deposition peaked in the 1980's and resulted in both chronically and episodically acidified rivers. At present, water quality is improving in all affected rivers due to reduced acid deposition. However, spring snow melt, heavy rainfall and sea salt episodes can still cause short term drops in pH and elevated concentrations of bioavailable aluminum. Technical malfunction in lime dozers will cause short termed episodic spates in the limed rivers. The current situation has prompted a need for dose-response relationships based on short term exposures of Atlantic salmon to assess the potential population effects of episodic acidification. Water quality guidelines for salmon have been lacking, despite a large number of experiments, all demonstrating dose-response relationships between water chemistry and fish health. We have summarized results from 347 short-term (<14 days) exposures of salmon parr and smolt performed between 1990 and 2003 in Norway. The experiments have been performed as bioassays, where fish have been exposed in tanks fed river water, in tanks where the river water quality has been manipulated (added H + and Al) and as Carlin-tagged smolt releases after preexposure to moderately acidic waters. The results from the various bioassays are compared to water quality limits proposed on basis of the relationship between water quality and population status/health in Norwegian rivers. The focus of this article is placed on chemical-biological interactions that can be drawn across experiments and exposure protocols. We propose dose-response relationships for acid neutralizing caCorrespondence to: F. Kroglund (kro@niva.no) pacity (ANC), pH, cationic Al and gill accumulated Al, versus mortality in freshwater, effects on hypo-osmoregulatory capacity in seawater challenge tests and on smolt to adult survival in release experiments. The "no effect" dose depends on the life history stage tested and on the sensitivity of the biomarkers. Parr are more tolerant than smolt. Concentrations of Al that have no significant impact on freshwater life history stages can still have major population effects if they occur prior to smolt migration. While smolt can survive in freshwater for a prolonged period of time (>10 days) at an Al dose resulting in a gill Al concentration of up to 300 µg Alg −1 dw, a 3 day exposure resulting in a gill Al accumulation in the range of 25 to 60 µg Alg −1 dw reduces smolt to adult survival in a dose related manner by 20 to 50%. For smolt to adult survival, the biological significant response is delayed relative to the dose and occurs first after the fish enters the marine environment. In addition to exposure intensity and timing, exposure duration is important for the setting of critical limits.

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Fennoscandian freshwater fishes

Jönsson

2015

Freshwater Fisheries Ecology

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Short-term exposure to acid water impairs osmoregulation, seawater tolerance, and subsequent marine survival of smolts of Altantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Cited by 46 publications

References 21 publications

Impacts of short-term acid and aluminum exposure on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) physiology: A direct comparison of parr and smolts

Impacts of short-term acid and aluminum exposure on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) physiology: A direct comparison of parr and smolts

Water quality limits for Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i> L.) exposed to short term reductions in pH and increased aluminum simulating episodes

Fennoscandian freshwater fishes

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Short-term exposure to acid water impairs osmoregulation, seawater tolerance, and subsequent marine survival of smolts of Altantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Cited by 46 publications

References 21 publications

Impacts of short-term acid and aluminum exposure on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) physiology: A direct comparison of parr and smolts

Impacts of short-term acid and aluminum exposure on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) physiology: A direct comparison of parr and smolts

Water quality limits for Atlantic salmon (&lt;i&gt;Salmo salar&lt;/i&gt; L.) exposed to short term reductions in pH and increased aluminum simulating episodes

Fennoscandian freshwater fishes

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Water quality limits for Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i> L.) exposed to short term reductions in pH and increased aluminum simulating episodes