Short‐Term Heat Treatment of the High‐Alloy Cold‐Work Tool Steel X153CrMoV12: Calculation of Metastable Microstructural States

Schuppener, Jannik; Müller, Stefan; Benito, Santiago; Weber, Sebastian

doi:10.1002/srin.202200452

Cited by 4 publications

References 45 publications

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Simulation of local metastable microstructural states in large tools: construction and validation of the model

Schuppener,

Berger,

Benito

et al. 2023

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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This study presents the development and experimental verification of a simulation model for estimating the local microstructure of a tool geometry after heat treatment. The experiment involved subjecting a metallic block of dimensions 40 × 50 × 50 mm, made of the ledeburitic cold work steel DIN EN 1.2379 (X153CrMoV12; AISI D2), to a heat treatment in a laboratory furnace at 1000 °C for 20 min. Thermocouples were strategically placed to record time-temperature profiles at different locations within the block. Following the heat treatment, the local microstructure was determined through quantitative image analysis, and the local hardness was measured as a function of the distance from the block’s edge to its core. These measurements were then correlated with the corresponding time-temperature curves obtained from the thermocouples. To replicate the local time-temperature profiles, the thermophysical properties of the steel were experimentally determined and incorporated into a finite element analysis heat transfer simulation using Abaqus FEA® software. This simulation approach, combined with the MatCalc software, facilitated the calculation of various local microstructural characteristics such as carbide content, carbide type, carbide distribution, and chemical composition of the matrix. Furthermore, the content fractions of the microconstituents of the matrix, including martensite and retained austenite, were determined based on the simulated martensite start temperature, employing an optimized function fitted to experimental data. The developed simulation model offers potential applications in two important areas. Firstly, it can be used to adapt heat treatment processes for tools of different sizes in production, optimizing their mechanical properties. Secondly, it enables efficient optimization of heat treatment routes by considering changing initial states, leading to high process quality in terms of mechanical properties. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the estimation and control of local microstructure in tool geometries through the use of a validated simulation model.

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Simulation of local metastable microstructural states in large tools: construction and validation of the model

Schuppener,

Berger,

Benito

et al. 2023

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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Increasing Energy Efficiency by Optimizing Heat Treatment Parameters for High-Alloyed Tool Steels

Schuppener,

Benito,

Weber

2024

J. of Materi Eng and Perform

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In the paper industry, machine circular knives are used in the cutting process to provide industrial quality cuts on a variety of products. In the production of paper rolls, they cut the long-rolled paper products into commercial sizes. For this application, the high-alloyed ledeburitic cold work tool steel, DIN EN 1.2379 (X153CrMoV12; AISI D2), in the secondary hardened heat-treated condition has become the widely used industry solution. However, its heat treatment is a very energy-intensive production process. It consists of a quenching from an austenitizing temperature above 1050 °C, followed by three high-temperature tempering steps of more than 500 °C. In the study, the heat treatment process was optimized for energy efficiency, resulting in superior material properties with lower energy consumption. The most promising low energy heat treatment developed in the laboratory was reproduced in the industrial scale, and the required energy consumption was quantified. Subsequently, the resulting properties of the tools such as hardness, wear resistance and fracture toughness were determined. The energy production costs and mechanical properties of the tool steel were evaluated in comparison to conventional production methods. The newly applied heat treatment condition showed very promising and positive results in all analyzed parameters.

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Effects of Nitriding and Thermal Processing on Wear and Corrosion Resistance of Vanadis 8 Steel

González-Pociño,

Alvarez-Antolin,

Peral-Martinez

2024

Coatings

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Vanadis 8 steel is a tool steel manufactured by powder metallurgic processing. Its main alloy elements are V, Cr and Mo. By implementing an experimental design with five factors—all of them are related to the thermal processing of this steel and with ionic nitriding—the effects of said factors on adhesive wear resistance and corrosion resistance were studied. For this purpose, Pin-on-Disc wear tests and lineal polarization resistance tests were carried out using an aqueous solution with 3.5% NaCl by weight. The main aim was to increase this steel use in more aggressive environmental conditions, such as in coastal environments. By means of XRD, the percentage of retained austenite was determined, and by SEM-EDX, the microstructure was revealed. The conclusion is that adhesive wear resistance is improved if thermal processing parameters are at such levels that increase austenite destabilization and reduce retained austenite content. This means to destabilize austenite at 1180 °C during 1 h, with oil quenching, tempering at 520 °C during 2 h and ionic nitriding at 520 °C during 2 h. Corrosion resistance is highly improved with ionic nitriding. At the same time, to compensate for the negative effect on corrosion resistance of a high density of primary and secondary carbides, it is essential to carry out the ionic nitriding treatment. The harmful effect of electrochemical microcells that appear in the carbide/matrix interface is compensated by the passivating effect generated by the nitrided surface.

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Short‐Term Heat Treatment of the High‐Alloy Cold‐Work Tool Steel X153CrMoV12: Calculation of Metastable Microstructural States

Cited by 4 publications

References 45 publications

Simulation of local metastable microstructural states in large tools: construction and validation of the model

Simulation of local metastable microstructural states in large tools: construction and validation of the model

Increasing Energy Efficiency by Optimizing Heat Treatment Parameters for High-Alloyed Tool Steels

Effects of Nitriding and Thermal Processing on Wear and Corrosion Resistance of Vanadis 8 Steel

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