Short-term memory as a function of information processing during the retention interval.

Dillon, Richard F.; Reid, Lyne Starling

doi:10.1037/h0027769

Cited by 44 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Many studies have reported a change in the rate of memory decay similar to that reported here at.about 5 sec after presentation of a sample stimulus when rehearsal was allowed (Dillon & Reid, 1969;Gilson & Baddeley, 1969;Millar, 1974;Sullivan & Turvey, 1972. The rapid decline in performance from 0.5 to 5 sec could reflect reliance on the decaying trace of sensory memory.…”

Section: Tactile Short-term Memorysupporting

confidence: 75%

“…Immediately after presentation of the sample and during the delay period before presentation of the comparison stimulus, the subjects orally counted from this number backwards in threes. This task has been found to require considerable attention and interferes with mnemonic rehearsal ofstimulus information during the delay period (Dillon & Reid, 1969;Peterson & Peterson, 1959;Wells, 1972). Filled or unfilled condition was selected for each session on a random basis with the restraint that each condition was presented four times.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The nature of this alternate mechanism is suggested by the finding that rehearsal, the intentional repetition of some form ofthe sensation in short-term memory (Posner, 1967), can improve performance on delayed discrimination tasks, Discrimination performance declines at a greater rate during delay periods filled with attention-demanding tasks (e.g. counting backwards in threes), which presumably interfere with mnemonic rehearsal (Dillon & Reid, 1969;Gilson & Baddeley, 1969;Peterson & Peterson, 1959;Sullivan & Turvey, 1972Wells, 1972). For example, Gilson and Baddeley (1969) required subjects to identify the locus of stimulation of a probe applied to the forearm, after delays as long as 60 sec.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Gilson and Baddeley (1969) required subjects to identify the locus of stimulation of a probe applied to the forearm, after delays as long as 60 sec. They used up to 22 stimulation points at I-em spacings, On halfthe trials, they prevented "rehearsal" by requiring subjects to perform an interpolated task, counting backwards by three (Dillon & Reid, 1969;Peterson & Peterson, 1959;Wells, 1972), during a delay between stimulation and the opportunity to respond, Without rehearsal, accurate recall of the position ofstimulation declined to a minimum near chance after 45 sec. With rehearsal, memory decayed at the same rate as without rehearsal until about lOsee, at which point performance improved and then decayed to asymptote by 60 sec.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Discrimination of vibrotactile frequencies in a delayed pair comparison task

Sinclair

Burton

1996

Perception & Psychophysics

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This study quantified human short-term-memory decay functions for delayed vibrotactile frequency discriminations. Subjects indicated which of two successive intervals contained the higher or lower frequency of a pair separated by delay periods of 0.5-30 sec. Performance decreased as a function of length of delay and was higher when delays were unfilled than when they were filled with a backwardscounting task This interpolated task may have interfered with rehearsal of a coded representation of the remembered vibrotactile frequency. A change in decay rate after 5-sec delays suggests a switch from reliance on sensory memory to the coded frequency representation. Performance and decay rate depended on presentation order of higher or lower frequency within pairs. Reciprocal performance asymmetries seen in high-versus low-frequency ranges did not result from simple response bias.

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Section: Tactile Short-term Memorysupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Discrimination of vibrotactile frequencies in a delayed pair comparison task

Sinclair

Burton

1996

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…Repeating aloud single digits presented visually at the rate of one or two per second, as in Cunningham et al (1993), produces less forgetting than does performing an arithmetic task, probably because shadowing digits is not sufficiently distracting to prevent rehearsal. For example, Dillon and Reid (1969) found substantially less forgetting with 15 sec of shadowing pairs ofdigits (one pair per second) than with 15 sec of arithmetic activity. In Experiment 1 of Dillon and Reid the item scores were .92 with shadowing and .66 with arithmetic; in Experiments 2 and 3, the item scores were .96 with shadowing and .62 with arithmetic.…”

Section: Distracting Activitymentioning

confidence: 97%

Very rapid forgetting: Reply to Cunningham, Healy, Till, Fendrich, and Dimitry

Muter

1995

Memory & Cognition

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In this comment, it is argued that the experiments by Cunningham, Healy, Till, Fendrich, and Dimitry (1993) do not constitutefailures to replicate Muter's (1980) Peterson and Peterson (1959) found that three letters could be recalled correctly only about 10% of the time after 18 sec of distracting activity. These data, replicated many times (e.g., Murdock, 1961) have often been cited in estimating forgetting rates from short-term memory or primary memory. Muter (1980) claimed that a better estimate could be obtained by studying forgetting under conditions in which subjects did not expect a recall test with distracting activity during the retention interval. Under these conditions, perhaps less contaminated by secondary memory involvement, three letters could be recalled correctly only about 10% of the time after only 2 or 4 sec of distracting activity (Muter, 1980).1 Similar results were obtained by Sebrechts, Marsh, and Seamon (1989). In an attempt to investigate this finding ofvery rapid forgetting further, Cunningham, Healy, Till, Fendrich, and Dimitry (1993) found much less rapid forgetting. In the present comment, it is argued that Cunningham et al.'s procedures lack some of the necessary conditions for studying forgetting from primary memory, and that their data do not cast doubt on the finding of very rapid forgetting.Comparison ofMuter (1980) and Cunningham et at. (1993) How rapid is forgetting from primary memory? If a person looks up a phone number and is distracted, how rapidly is the information lost? It is often assumed that answers to these questions are provided by the classic I thank the reviewers and

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Crossmodal and Intersensory Perception and the Blind

Millar

1981

Intersensory Perception and Sensory Integration

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Short-term memory as a function of information processing during the retention interval.

Cited by 44 publications

References 13 publications

Discrimination of vibrotactile frequencies in a delayed pair comparison task

Discrimination of vibrotactile frequencies in a delayed pair comparison task

Very rapid forgetting: Reply to Cunningham, Healy, Till, Fendrich, and Dimitry

Crossmodal and Intersensory Perception and the Blind

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