Short-term memory while shadowing: Recall of visually and of aurally presented letters.

Kroll, Neal E. A.; Parks, Theodore E.; Parkinson, Stanley R.; Bieber, Stephen L.; Johnson, Alford Lee

doi:10.1037/h0029544

Cited by 103 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…According to this view, the verbal and semantic properties of the word are extracted, whereas normally redundant information about the physical properties of the visual stimulus are lost. However, the results of recent studies (e.g., Kroll, Parks, Parkinson, Beiber, & Johnson, 1970: Warrington & Shallice, 1969 show that information about the physical properties of visually presented verbal stimuli may be retained in memory for 10-25 sec, aperiod of time substantially beyond that whieh eould he useful for word identification. The present study was implemented with a view to (a) providing further knowledge about the duration of visual persistence for verbal stimuli and (b) gaining some insight into the eoding processes involved in the retention of the representational as distinet from the semantic attributes of verbal stimuli.…”

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confidence: 80%

An analysis of the visual component in recognition memory for verbal stimuli

Kirsner

1973

Memory & Cognition

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lorty Ss were given a continuous recognition memory test in which each word was presented twice, eilher in the same print or in different print on the two occasions. The results showed that (a) recognition performance was facilitated to a small but statistically significant extent in the same-print condition and that (b) Ss could reliably re port first presentation print for recognized items for at least 1'/2 min. In a second experiment, the stirnuli used were nonsense strings 01' from five to seven letters instead 01' words. This rnanipulation increased the same-print advantage in recognition but reduced 55' ability to report first print form. The results indicate that information about the physical features 01' verbal stimuli is retained in a visual code that is partially or wholly independent of the verbal code for the same stimuli. The results are inconsistent with the conc1usion that the visual code is stored only as adependent attribute 01' the verbal code in mernory.

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confidence: 80%

An analysis of the visual component in recognition memory for verbal stimuli

Kirsner

1973

Memory & Cognition

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“…Since same-different judgments remained appreciably above chance over a period which may be extrapolated to 11 sec, it appears necessary to postulate a short-term visual store with slow decay, which can utilize information presented for as short a period as 20-40 msec. Such a store might take the form of a noniconic, but nevertheless visual, buffer and might share common features with the short-term visual store, operating over 25 sec or more, of Kroll, Parks, Parkinson, Bieber, and Johnson (1970). It is clearly undesirable to entertain a proliferation of postulated stores, although at the present stage of research there is still probably insufficient evidence to allow the development of explicit and economical explanations.…”

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confidence: 99%

Sensory storage reconsidered

Holding¹

1975

Memory & Cognition

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Models of sensory storage appear to incorporate three features: capacity in excess of short-term memory, rapid decay of information, and an unprocessed trace as the storage medium. The evidence for each is examined in the visual and the auditory modes. The excess capacity hypothesis is rejected on the grounds that negative results are obtained when output interference and cue anticipation mechanisms are excluded. Rapid decay is seen as a minor effect which may not result from sensory storage. Limited trace storage appears to exist in the form of extremely brief sensory persistence, but applies only to normally attended stimuli; the pivotal concept of subsequent random access to a trace appears unsupported.

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“…The suggestion here is that RI is modality specific and that only stimulation presented in the same modality as the sample stimulus will produce RI. Some evidence in support of modality specificity can be found in the human STM literature (Broadbent, Vines, & Broadbent, 1978;Kroll, Parks, Parkinson, Bieber, & Johnson, 1970;Massaro & Kahn, 1973;Proctor, 1978). In these experiments, subjects were required to remember visually or aurally presented items, with interfering information presented during the retention interval in either the same or the opposite modality.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-term memory for visual and auditory stimuli in pigeons

Kraemer

Roberts

1984

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Separate groups of pigeons were trained to perform symbolic delayed matching to sample with auditory and visual sample stimuli. For tmimals in the auditory group, ambient tones that varied in frequency served as sample stimuli; for animals in the visual group, ambient red and green lights served as sample stimuli. In both cases, the sample stimuli were mapped onto the yellow and blue comparison stimuli presented on left and right pecking keys. In Experiments 1 and 2, it was found that visual and auditory delayed matching were affected in the same ways by several temporal variables: delay, length of exposure to the sample stimulus, and intertrial interval. In Experiments 3, 4A, and 4B, a houselight presented during the delay interval strongly interfered with retention in both visual and auditory groups, but white noise presented during the delay had little effect in either group. These results seem to be more in line with a prospective memory model, in which visual and auditory sample stimuli are coded into the same instructional memories, than with a model based on concepts of retrospective memory and modality specificity.

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Short-term memory while shadowing: Recall of visually and of aurally presented letters.

Cited by 103 publications

References 13 publications

An analysis of the visual component in recognition memory for verbal stimuli

An analysis of the visual component in recognition memory for verbal stimuli

Sensory storage reconsidered

Short-term memory for visual and auditory stimuli in pigeons

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