Introduction
A small percentage of paediatric patients supported with a ventricular assist device (VAD) can have their device explanted following myocardial recovery. The aim of this systematic review is to summarize current literature on clinical course in these children after weaning.
Methods
A systematic literature search was performed on 27th of May, 2022 using Embase, Medline ALL, Web of Science Core Collection, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar to include all literature on paediatric patients supported by a durable VAD of the last decade. Overlapping study cohorts and registry-based studies were filtered out.
Results
Thirty-seven articles were included. Eighteen of them reported on incidence of recovery in cohort studies, with an overall incidence rate of 8.7% (81/928). Twenty-two of the included articles reported on clinical outcomes after VAD explantation (83 patients). Aetiology varied widely and was not limited to diseases with a natural transient course like myocarditis. Most of the patients in the included studies (70; 84.3%) were supported by a Berlin Heart EXCOR™, and in 66.3% (55/83) only the left ventricle had to be supported. The longest follow-up was 19.1 years and multiple studies reported on long-term myocardial recovery. Less than half of the reported deaths had a cardiac cause.
Conclusions
Myocardial recovery during VAD support is dependent on various contributing components. The interaction between patient-, device-, time-, and hospital-related factors is complex and not yet fully understood. Long-term recovery after VAD support is achievable, even after a long duration of VAD support, and even in patients with aetiology different than myocarditis or post-cardiotomy heart failure. More research is needed on this favourable outcome after VAD support.