“…Thereinto, the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) (Ahmed & Cook, 1979) family of models such as simple ARIMA (Levin & Tsao, 1980;Nihan & Holmesland, 1980;Hamed et al, 1995;Smith, 1995;Williams, 1999), ATHENA , subset ARIMA (Lee & Fambro, 1999), SARIMA family (Smith et al, 2002;Williams et al, 1998Williams et al, , 2003Ghosh et al, 2005), are classical milestones in forecasting area. Such time series methods belong to time domain approaches, and frequency domain approaches like spectral analysis, "which are regressions on periodic sines and cosines, show their important insights into traffic data which may not apparent in an analysis in the time domain only" (Stathopoulos & Karlaftis, 2001a, b).…”