Short-term treatment with metformin suppresses toll like receptors (TLRs) activity in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rat: Are AMPK and TLRs connected?

Impaired toll-like receptor signalling in peripheral B cells from newly diagnosed type-2 diabetic subjects

“…Most of the defects which were seen in TLR signalling in the NDD group were largely ameliorated in the KDM group which might be due to the anti-inflammatory effect of the anti-diabetic drugs [12,13]. It is important to note that at least 35% and 40% of the KDM subjects were on insulin and metformin respectively; both of which have been shown to have strong immunomodulatory effect [14,15]. However, not all oral hypoglycemic drugs have immunomodulatory effect.…”

Activation of AMPK in human fetal membranes alleviates infection-induced expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-labour mediators

“…AICAR has also been shown to inhibit acute and chronic colitis [62] and inflammation in cystic fibrosis [63] and lung injury [12]. Another AMPK activator, metformin, suppressed TLR-activated immune responses in rat cardiac tissues [64] and lowered plasma concentrations of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in obese patients [65].…”

The Effect of Metformin Use on Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction and Mortality Post-Myocardial Infarction

“…Rena et al [17] reviewed the molecular mechanism of actions of metformin and suggested that metformininduced activation of AMP-activated protein kinase may be important in enhanced expression of eNOS and PPARγ-coactivator-1α which are important regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis and function and play important role in the development of heart failure. This upregulated expression culminates in a multitude of effects including inhibition of protein synthesis, protection against free oxygen radicals, and reduction in DNA damage [31]. A recent study [32] found that metformin reduces genomic instability in diabetic rats, a phenomenon that may also play a role in the long-term cardioprotective effects of this drug.…”