Shortcomings in cybersecurity education for seafarers

Heering, Dan; Maennel, Olaf; Venables, Adrian

doi:10.1201/9781003216582-06

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Each marine system, depending on the type of application, is enabled with peripherals such as microphones, cameras, sound and image processing units, GPS units, and a collaborative communication mechanism where sensor nodes broadcast their data packets to neighboring nodes until data exchange is achieved. Due to the tremendous amount of data generated from the integration of these multiple marine systems, cybercriminals now leverage the vulnerabilities in IoT and IoUT communications to perpetuate marine cyberattacks [12]. Meanwhile, the surface attacks witnessed in marine organizations may vary specifically from regular cyber scenarios in terms of the underlying network infrastructure compromising of complexities in marine supply chain systems, marine GPS vulnerabilities, and even marine communication jamming attacks, which ordinary businesses do not usually witness [13].…”

Section: Cyberdefense In Marine Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zero-Trust Marine Cyberdefense for IoT-Based Communications: An Explainable Approach

Nkoro,

Njoku,

Nwakanma

et al. 2024

Electronics

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Integrating Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) into marine cyberdefense systems can address the lack of trustworthiness and low interpretability inherent in complex black-box Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) models. XAI has emerged as a pivotal focus in achieving a zero-trust cybersecurity strategy within marine communication networks. This article presents the development of a zero-trust NIDS framework designed to detect contemporary marine cyberattacks, utilizing two modern datasets (2023 Edge-IIoTset and 2023 CICIoT). The zero-trust NIDS model achieves an optimal Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) score of 97.33% and an F1-score of 99% in a multi-class experiment. The XAI approach leverages visual and quantitative XAI methods, specifically SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) and the Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME) algorithms, to enhance explainability and interpretability. The research results indicate that current black-box NIDS models deployed for marine cyberdefense can be made more reliable and interpretable, thereby improving the overall cybersecurity posture of marine organizations.

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Section: Cyberdefense In Marine Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zero-Trust Marine Cyberdefense for IoT-Based Communications: An Explainable Approach

Nkoro,

Njoku,

Nwakanma

et al. 2024

Electronics

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“…Vigilant seafarers who become highly situational aware and make wise navigation decisions onboard ships can be the most important asset for maritime security (Spidalieri and McArdle, 2016;Hareide et al, 2018;Lund et al, 2018b;Thant, 2018;Jacq et al, 2019b;Pseftelis and Chondrokoukis, 2021;Tam et al, 2021a;Kayisoglu et al, 2022;Hopcraft et al, 2023;Potamos et al, 2023). Converselly, the seafarers' lack of competence and system awareness will present risk factors rather than risk reductions (Heering et al, 2020). The holistic framework to increase cybersecurity awareness and competence of seafarers includes theoretical education and practical training, and demonstrations and experiments, as well as assistance procedure development of identifying and dealing with cyber threats (Becmeur et al, 2017;Zăgan et al, 2018;Lovell and Heering, 2019;Tam et al, 2021b).…”

Section: Mitigating Maritime Cyber-riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Literature review on maritime cybersecurity: state-of-the-art

Meng

Fang

et al. 2023

J. Navigation

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Maritime cybersecurity has attracted increasing attention in industrial and academic scope, which may be relevant to the increasing cyber-incidents in the maritime shipping industry. This paper presents a critical review of publications related to cybersecurity in the maritime transportation industry, to explore the current research status and gaps, as wells as to guide new probe avenues by employing bibliometric approaches. With the advantage of bibliometric methods, the research focus and evolution are conformed and visualised. Representative papers are reviewed together to demonstrate maritime cyber-threats recognition and categories, as well as potential consequence assessment and risk mitigation actions recommendation. This paper also created a detailed database that is comprised of attack form, occurring time, targets, purpose, as well as potential results and cost, which has been included in the Appendix and is fully portable and extendible.

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“…With the increased threat attack surface largely acknowledged, one emerging concern is the alarming shortage of qualified cyber security personnel both onboard vessels and shoreside capable of handling not only Information Technology (IT) but also Operational Technology (OT) cyber security [ 10 , 35 , 36 ]. To compound this problem further, there are currently no formal cyber security training guidelines in the Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping (STCW) for Seafarers [ 37 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bridging the Gap: Enhancing Maritime Vessel Cyber Resilience through Security Operation Centers

Nganga,

Nganya,

Lützhöft

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Increasingly disruptive cyber-attacks in the maritime domain have led to more efforts being focused on enhancing cyber resilience. From a regulatory perspective, there is a requirement that maritime stakeholders implement measures that would enable the timely detection of cyber events, leading to the adoption of Maritime Security Operation Centers (M-SOCs). At the same time, Remote Operation Centers (ROCs) are also being discussed to enable increased adoption of highly automated and autonomous technologies, which could further impact the attack surface of vessels. The main objective of this research was therefore to better understand both enabling factors and challenges impacting the effectiveness of M-SOC operations. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine M-SOC experts. Informed by grounded theory, incident management emerged as the core category. By focusing on the factors that make M-SOC operations a unique undertaking, the main contribution of this study is that it highlights how maritime connectivity challenges and domain knowledge impact the M-SOC incident management process. Additionally, we have related the findings to a future where M-SOC and ROC operations could be converged.

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Shortcomings in cybersecurity education for seafarers

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

Zero-Trust Marine Cyberdefense for IoT-Based Communications: An Explainable Approach

Zero-Trust Marine Cyberdefense for IoT-Based Communications: An Explainable Approach

Literature review on maritime cybersecurity: state-of-the-art

Bridging the Gap: Enhancing Maritime Vessel Cyber Resilience through Security Operation Centers

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