Shorter anogenital distance correlates with undescended testis: a detailed genital anthropometric analysis in human newborns

Jain, Aakanksha; Singal, Arbinder

doi:10.1093/humrep/det286

Cited by 77 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…5,34,48,81,83,89,189,190886887758640187828480778,92 For example, recent observations from a New Zealand birth cohort showed that the prevalence of all three of these markers within boys with orchidopexy-confirmed cryptorchidism was approximately twice that observed among non-cryptorchid boys. 189 In addition, relative foetal growth restriction is also associated with cryptorchidism: Jensen et al 34 observed that a twin born with cryptorchidism was, on average, 136g lighter (95% CI 70–202) than a non-cryptorchid male twin.…”

Section: Gestational Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk factors for cryptorchidism

et al. 2017

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The condition known as cryptorchidism – undescended testis – is one of the most common congenital abnormalities found among males, and is one of the few known risk factors for testicular cancer (TC). Like testicular cancer, the key exposures in the occurrence of cryptorchidism remain elusive. Testicular descent is thought to occur during two hormonally-controlled phases – between 8–15 weeks and 25–35 weeks gestation – and while it is clear that a failure of testes to descend permanently is likely due to disruptions to one or both of these phases, the cause(s) and mechanism(s) of such disruption are still unclear. In this manuscript, we review the broad range of putative risk factors that have been evaluated in relation to the development of cryptorchidism to date, discuss their plausibility, and make suggestions regarding further approaches to understand aetiology. There are few exposures for which there is consistent evidence of an association with cryptorchidism; and in those cases where evidence appears unequivocal – for example, the relationship between cryptorchidism and gestational measures such as low birth weight – the measured exposure is likely to be a surrogate for the true causal exposure. The relative importance of each risk factor may vary considerably between mother/son pairs depending on an array of genetic, maternal, placental and foetal factors – all of which could vary between regions.

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Section: Gestational Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Birth measures (birth weight, gestational age, size for gestational age) 5,8,34,40,48,68,75,77,80–84,86–89,92,187,189,190 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for cryptorchidism

et al. 2017

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“…Hence, AGD could be measured at any postnatal age in rats and used to retrospectively decipher the level of fetal androgen exposure during the MPW (11,21). In human males, AGD shows similar male-female differences as in rats (11,(24)(25)(26), and lower AGD has been related to the occurrence of TDS disorders evident at birth (27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33) and, in a majority of studies, to lower sperm counts (34)(35)(36)(37) and hormone levels (38,39) in adult men, similar to rats (reviewed in ref. 11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimentally induced testicular dysgenesis syndrome originates in the masculinization programming window

Driesche¹,

Kilcoyne²,

Wagner³

et al. 2017

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“…37 Risk factors in maternal behavior, such as continuous smoking, drinking, caffeine intake, and use of mild analgesics during pregnancy, also seem to have adverse effects on the development and descent of the testis in their offspring, [38][39][40][41][42] although these findings are still controversial. 10,12,13 AGS has since also been associated with adult semen quality. These different types of cryptorchidism may not share the same etiology.…”

Section: Etiologymentioning

confidence: 99%