Shotgun Lipidomics Strategy for Fast Analysis of Phospholipids in Fisheries Waste and Its Potential in Species Differentiation

Abstract

An efficient shotgun lipidomics strategy was established and optimized for fast phospholipid profiling of viscera from three fish species: Lateolabrax japonicas, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, and Carassius auratus. This strategy relies on direct infusion of total lipid extracts into a tandem mass spectrometer without additional separation of the individual molecular species. Four classes of phospholipids, including phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and phosphatidylserine (PS), were analyzed, and at least 81 molecular species of phospholipids were identified, including 34 species of PC, 24 species of PE, 12 species of PS, and 11 species of PI, in both positive- and negative-ion electrospray ionization mode. The results show that fish viscera, which are traditionally discarded as fisheries wastes, are nutritional in phospholipids with total contents of the four detected phospholipid classes ranging from 1.52 to 3.29 mg/g in the three tested fish species. Regardless of the tested fish species, PC and PE are the dominant phospholipid classes, followed by PI and PS. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to normalize the relative amounts of the identified phospholipid species. The results demonstrate that PS 18:0/22:6, PI 18:0/20:4, and PI 18:0/20:5 were the main contributors of cumulative value and could be used as an indicator for fish species differentiation. This shotgun lipidomics method was >10 times faster than traditional methods, because no chromatographic separation was needed. The successful application of this strategy paves the way for full utilization of traditionally discarded fisheries wastes and provides an alternative means for fish species differentiation.

Mechanism of Phospholipid Hydrolysis for Oyster Crassostrea plicatula Phospholipids During Storage Using Shotgun Lipidomics

“…Owing to the potential of shotgun lipidomics because of its convenience and accuracy as well as its potential for species differentiation, this method was applied for fast analysis of phospholipid profiles in fisheries waste [20]. In terms of PL profile from oyster, structural elucidation of molecular species of Pacific oyster ether amino phospholipids was investigated by LC-MS [5].…”

“…In contrast, shotgun mass spectrometry offers some advantages in the analysis of PL from complex mixtures without pretreatment. Shotgun lipidomic approaches, via direct injection ESI-MS/MS, allowed for the rapid and sensitive monitoring of PL contents and molecular species [20].…”

Lipidomic Analysis: From Archaea to Mammals

“…Shen et al () analyzed by shotgun lipidomics the phospholipid content of fishery wastes for their further utilization. They identified dozens of molecular species of all the major phospholipid classes (PtdSer, PtdIns, PtdCho, PtdEtn, etc.…”

“…The differences in polar lipids of the sera of two groups of fishes (yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea and Japanese seabass Lateolabrax japonicus) were investigated after a tropical storm (Yan et al, 2012). Shen et al (2012) analyzed by shotgun lipidomics the phospholipid content of fishery wastes for their further utilization. They identified dozens of molecular species of all the major phospholipid classes (PtdSer, PtdIns, PtdCho, PtdEtn, etc.…”

Defining the Baseline and Oxidant Perturbed Lipidomic Profiles of Daphnia magna

“…Advances in electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI/MS), tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and MS in combination with liquid chromatography (LC-MS) have facilitated the more comprehensive identification and quantification of lipid molecular species in biological systems in a relatively high-throughput manner [12,13,14] Non-targeted lipidomics approaches have primarily been adopted in human health and disease [15], for example in the pathological assessment of diabetes, atherosclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease [6], yet relatively few studies have been related to the environmental sciences [16,17,18]. Despite being an essential dietary component in freshwater food webs, relatively little is known about the lipid composition of Daphnia spp.…”