Should Altruism, Solidarity, or Reciprocity be Used as Prosocial Appeals? Contrasting Conceptions of Members of the General Public and Medical Professionals Regarding Promoting Organ Donation

Guttman, N.; Siegal, Gil; Appel, Naama; Bar‐On, Gitit

doi:10.1111/jcom.12267

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…the altruism is an important factor in family firms in USA [66]. Furthermore, “self-sacrificing” can be observed in kidney transplantations, when the live donor is one of the family members [67]. The estimated rate of transplants relying on live donations from family members was 80% in Mexico [68], 60% in USA [69], 37% in Taiwan, 99% in Japan, and 66% in South Korea [70].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

To save or not to save your family member’s life? Evolutionary stability of self-sacrificing life history strategy in monogamous sexual populations

Garay

Varga

et al. 2019

BMC Evol Biol

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Background For the understanding of human nature, the evolutionary roots of human moral behaviour are a key precondition. Our question is as follows: Can the altruistic moral rule “Risk your life to save your family members, if you want them to save your life” be evolutionary stable? There are three research approaches to investigate this problem: kin selection, group selection and population genetics modelling. The present study is strictly based on the last approach. Results We consider monogamous and exogamous families, where at an autosomal locus, dominant-recessive alleles determine the phenotypes in a sexual population. Since all individuals’ survival rate is determined by their altruistic family members, we introduce a new population genetics model based on the mating table approach and adapt the verbal definition of evolutionary stability to genotypes. In general, when the resident is recessive, a homozygote is an evolutionarily stable genotype (ESG), if the number of survivors of the resident genotype of the resident homozygote family is greater than that of non-resident heterozygote survivors of the family of the resident homozygote and mutant heterozygote genotypes. Using the introduced genotype dynamics we proved that in the recessive case ESG implies local stability of the altruistic genotype. We apply our general ESG conditions for self-sacrificing life history strategy when the number of new-born offspring does not depend on interactions within the family and the interactions are additive. We find that in this case our ESG conditions give back Hamilton’s rule for evolutionary stability of the self-sacrificing life history strategy. Conclusions In spite of the fact that the kidney transplantations was not a selection factor during the earlier human evolution, nowadays “self-sacrificing” can be observed in the live donor kidney transplantations, when the donor is one of the family members. It seems that selection for self-sacrificing in family produced an innate moral tendency in modulating social cognition in human brain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-019-1478-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

To save or not to save your family member’s life? Evolutionary stability of self-sacrificing life history strategy in monogamous sexual populations

Garay

Varga

et al. 2019

BMC Evol Biol

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“…Solidarity and reciprocity are alternative prosocial appeals that have been shown to have more relevance and efficacy in encouraging participation in genomic research. 75…”

Section: Scope Of Ce and Planningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tygerberg Research Ubuntu-Inspired Community Engagement Model: Integrating Community Engagement into Genomic Biobanking

Moodley

Beyer

2019

Biopreservation and Biobanking

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Introduction: Community engagement (CE) is an ethical imperative in research, but the knowledge base for what constitutes effective and ethically sound CE is limited. Ubuntu, as a component of responsive communitarianism where communal welfare is valued together with individual autonomy, is useful in furthering our understanding of effective CE and how it could best be achieved. Similarly, a relative solidarity model serves as a compromise between extreme individualism and extreme communalism and is more appropriate in a heterogenous African context. Approaching CE from an Ubuntu philosophical perspective in southern Africa is particularly important in genomic biobanking, given the implications for individuals, families, and communities. Discussion: CE is often implemented in a tokenistic manner as an ancillary component of research. Understanding consent information is challenging where genomic biobanking is concerned due to scientific complexity. We started a process of CE around genomic biobanking and conducted empirical research in an attempt to develop a model to promote effective and ethically sound CE, using relative solidarity to create a nuanced application of Ubuntu. The TRUCE model is an eight-step model that uses social mapping to identify potential communities, establishes the scope of CE, and requires that communities are approached early. Co-creation strategies for CE are encouraged and co-ownership of knowledge production is emphasized. Recruiting and engaging communities at each stage of research is necessary. Evaluation and adaptation of CE strategies are included. Discussion and dissemination of results after the research is completed are encouraged. Conclusions: There is a significant gap between the theory of CE and its authentic application to research in Africa. This Ubuntu-inspired model facilitates bridging that gap and is particularly suited to genomic biobanking. The CE model enhances and complements the consent process and should be integrated into research as a funding and regulatory requirement where applicable.

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“…Während für Eltern (die für ihre Kinder suchen) vorrangig prosoziale Appelle an das Verantwortungsgefühl passend erscheinen, sollten Partner von Patienten prosoziale Appelle mit dem Fokus auf soziale Unterstützung am ehesten ansprechen. Entsprechende Beispiele der verschiedenen Formen prosozialer Appelle finden sich im Kontext von Ernährungsthemen (Reifegerste, Schumacher, Hoffmann, Schwarz, & Hagen, 2015), Passivrauchen (Pechmann, Zhao, Goldberg, & Reibling, 2003) Impfen (O'Keefe & Nan, 2012) oder auch Organspenden (Guttman, Siegal, Appel, & Bar-On, 2016). Bei prosozialen Appellen wird an Personen aus dem sozialen Umfeld appelliert, den Betroffenen bei der Prävention, Gesundheitsförderung oder Krankheitsbewältigung zu unterstützen.…”

Section: Implikationenunclassified

Informationssuche als Beziehungstat. Der Zusammenhang zwischen relationalen Faktoren und Motiven der stellvertretenden Suche nach Gesundheitsinformationen

Reifegerste¹,

Bachl²

2019

SCM

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Die Suche nach Gesundheitsinformationen für andere, d. h. die stellvertretende Suche, ist eine häufig praktizierte Form der Internetnutzung und kann wesentlichen Einfluss auf den Gesundheitszustand einer Patientin oder eines Patienten haben. Obwohl bereits verschiedene Faktoren wie demografische Merkmale, Gesundheitskompetenz und soziale Variablen als Einflussfaktoren für die stellvertretende Gesundheitsinformationssuche auf der Basis von Sekundäranalysen diskutiert werden, liegt bislang kaum Primärforschung über die Motive und relationale Einflussfaktoren für dieses Verhalten vor. Mittels einer Online-Befragung im SoSci Panel (N = 589 Teilnehmer, n = 381 Personen mit stellvertretender Suche) kann gezeigt werden, dass die stellvertretende Suche nach Gesundheitsinformationen nicht nur von individuellen Eigenschaften des Suchenden, sondern auch von relationalen Faktoren, wie der Beziehungsnähe zum Alteri (d. h. dem Patienten) geprägt ist. Die Motive zur stellvertretenden Suche unterscheiden sich in Abhängigkeit von der Beziehungsart und stellen vorrangig alteriorientierte Formen der Unterstützung dar, können aber auch egoorientiert sein. Unsere Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass relationale Faktoren und Charakteristika des Alteri relevante Variablen der stellvertretenden Informationssuche darstellen. Sie sollten daher neben Motiven der sozialen Unterstützung in Theorien des Informationsverhaltens berücksichtigt werden. Implikationen für die Adressierung und Informationsweitergabe an nahestehende Personen und die weitere Forschung werden diskutiert.

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Should Altruism, Solidarity, or Reciprocity be Used as Prosocial Appeals? Contrasting Conceptions of Members of the General Public and Medical Professionals Regarding Promoting Organ Donation

Cited by 21 publications

References 67 publications

To save or not to save your family member’s life? Evolutionary stability of self-sacrificing life history strategy in monogamous sexual populations

To save or not to save your family member’s life? Evolutionary stability of self-sacrificing life history strategy in monogamous sexual populations

Tygerberg Research Ubuntu-Inspired Community Engagement Model: Integrating Community Engagement into Genomic Biobanking

Informationssuche als Beziehungstat. Der Zusammenhang zwischen relationalen Faktoren und Motiven der stellvertretenden Suche nach Gesundheitsinformationen

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