Should human chorionic gonadotropine treatment increase thyroid volume?

Oğuz, Ayten; Tüzün, Dilek; Şahin, Murat; Bulbul, Nese; Çelik, Ahmet; Guvenc, Numan; İnanç, Elif; Gül, Kamile

doi:10.1590/2359-3997000000096

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 25 publications

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“…Recently, Oguz et al investigated the effect of hCG treatment or testosterone treatment on thyroid volume in males with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Their results show thyroid volume was higher in hCG-treated patients than in testosterone-treated patients, but thyroid volume did not differ before and after testosterone treatment (34) . Further research is needed to elucidate the biological mechanisms underlying the associations between LH and FSH and thyroid nodules in men.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

High luteinizing hormone levels are associated with Thyroid Nodules in Male Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Ruan¹,

Zhang²,

Cao³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Objective. Thyroid nodules are closely related to type 2 diabetes. However, the relationship between sex hormone levels and thyroid nodules has never been fully examined in males with type 2 diabetes. The purpose of the present study was to observe the association between sex hormone levels and thyroid nodules in male patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods. A total of 490 patients were enrolled, A total of 228 patients (46.5%) had thyroid nodules, of which 192 (39.2%) had a solid benign nodule, 30 (6.1%) had a cystic nodule, and 6 (1.2%) had a cancerous nodule, 262 patients (53.5%) were without thyroid nodules．We evaluated thyroid nodules using ultrasound, and blood glucose, blood lipids, serum insulin, sex hormones were measured in all patients. The correlations between the hormone levels and thyroid nodules were analyzed. Results. Compared with the non-thyroid nodules group, fasting insulin (FINS), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were significantly elevated in the thyroid nodules group. Pearson correlation analysis found the incidence of thyroid nodules was positively correlated with FINS, HOMA-IR and LH. High LH levels was associated with thyroid nodules after controlling for FINS and HOMA-IR. Conclusion. These data suggest that high LH level plays an important role in the development of thyroid nodules. FINS, HOMA-IR and LH are independent risk factors for thyroid nodules in male patients with type 2 diabetes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

High luteinizing hormone levels are associated with Thyroid Nodules in Male Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Ruan¹,

Zhang²,

Cao³

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Thyroid ultrasound: beyond the diagnosis of thyroid nodules

Maciel

2015

Arch. Endocrinol. Metab.

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I n this issue of the Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism, there are two articles in which thyroid ultrasound was used to clarify some physiopathological aspects of the thyroid, evidencing the notable usefulness of this method beyond its routine use in the diagnosis of nodules and thyroiditis.The first article, "Should human chorionic gonadotropine treatment increase thyroid volume?", by Ayten Oguz and cols. from the Sutcu Iman University in Kahramanmaras, Turkey, presents a very interesting and pioneering observation showing that the administration of human chorionic (hCG) in the treatment of isolate hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) in men induced increased thyroid volume (1).This original observation confirms classical endocrinological evidence on the crossreactivity between hCG and TSH. Both substances are glycoprotein hormones with structural similarity and whose thyrotrophic activities have been known for a long time (2). TSH and hCG are made up by two subunits (alpha and beta), that are linked to each other, forming active heterodimeric structures; the alpha subunit of both compounds is identical, but the beta subunits also show high structural homology. Similarly, TSH receptors show structural homology with LH/CG receptors, which are bound to protein G (3). Thus, hCG thyrotrophic activity may be explained by either the structural homology between hCG and TSH or between the LH/CG and TSH receptors. Therefore, hCG is able to bind to TSH receptors of thyroid follicular cells and activate intracellular messengers, such as cyclic AMP, and induces growth of follicular cells in culture (3).In normal pregnancy, when hCG is high, TSH decreases, mirroring the hCG peak (3,4); besides, women with hyperemesis gravidarum show high levels of hCG, which cause transitory thyrotoxicosis (4). Finally, it is know that several pathological conditions, such as hydatidiform moles, choriocarcioma, and other types of cancer that are characterized by high levels of hCG and may induce thyrotoxicosis, which disappears after the tumor is removed (3).In fact, hCG behaves as a "weak" thyroid stimulator; it is estimated that a 10,000 IU/liter increase in circulating hCG corresponds to a 0.6 pmol/L (0.1 ng/dL) elevation in T4, leading to a TSH decrease of 0.1 mU/L (3). Besides, for clinical hyperthyroidism to ensue, a patient has to show prolonged elevation of hCG levels (4).Oguz and cols. treated 44 men (18 to 54 years old) carriers of IHH with testosterone (n = 19) or hCG (n = 25) for about 6 months, and compared them with a matched healthy control group, evaluating thyroid function and volume. They did not mention the doses of testosterone or hCG that were employed.Individuals treated with hCG showed, after 6 months, higher serum levels of testosterone and increased T4 (from 1.16 ± 0.19 ng/dL to 1.34 ± 0.49 ng/dL, p = 0.024) and thyroid volume (from 8.76 ± 1.13 mL to 9.02 ± 0.99 mL, p = 0.001).

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Should human chorionic gonadotropine treatment increase thyroid volume?

Cited by 2 publications

References 25 publications

High luteinizing hormone levels are associated with Thyroid Nodules in Male Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

High luteinizing hormone levels are associated with Thyroid Nodules in Male Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Thyroid ultrasound: beyond the diagnosis of thyroid nodules

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