Shoulder injuries in skeletally immature throwers: review and current thoughts

Leonard, James; Hutchinson, Mark R.

doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.062588

Cited by 34 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…It has been shown that contact pressure at the glenohumeral joint increases proportionally when horizontal abduction exceeds the coronal plane, with external rotation and 908 of shoulder abduction (Mihata, McGarry, Kinoshita, & Lee, 2010). However, the most dangerous manoeuvres during the volleyball attack are shoulder flexion during the elevation of the spiking arm, together with maximal external rotation (Leonard & Hutchinson, 2010;Page, 2011). Subacromial and internal impingement occurs predominantly against the anterior edge of the acromion and the coracoacromial ligament affecting the vasculature of these structures (Neer & Welsh, 1977;Page, 2011;Rathbun & Macnab, 1970).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Shoulder 3D range of motion and humerus rotation in two volleyball spike techniques: injury prevention and performance

Seminati

Marzari

Vacondio³

et al. 2015

Sports Biomechanics

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Repetitive stresses and movements on the shoulder in the volleyball spike expose this joint to overuse injuries, bringing athletes to a career threatening injury. Assuming that specific spike techniques play an important role in injury risk, we compared the kinematic of the traditional (TT) and the alternative (AT) techniques in 21 elite athletes, evaluating their safety with respect to performance. Glenohumeral joint was set as the centre of an imaginary sphere, intersected by the distal end of the humerus at different angles. Shoulder range of motion and angular velocities were calculated and compared to the joint limits. Ball speed and jump height were also assessed. Results indicated the trajectory of the humerus to be different for the TT, with maximal flexion of the shoulder reduced by 10 degrees, and horizontal abduction 15 degrees higher. No difference was found for external rotation angles, while axial rotation velocities were significantly higher in AT, with a 5% higher ball speed. Results suggest AT as a potential preventive solution to shoulder chronic pathologies, reducing shoulder flexion during spiking. The proposed method allows visualisation of risks associated with different overhead manoeuvres, by depicting humerus angles and velocities with respect to joint limits in the same 3D space.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Shoulder 3D range of motion and humerus rotation in two volleyball spike techniques: injury prevention and performance

Seminati

Marzari

Vacondio³

et al. 2015

Sports Biomechanics

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“…Trial registration: Prospectively registered in February 6, 2017 under Clinical Trial Registry # NCT03044236 Background The shoulder complex is the most commonly injured body part in overhead and throwing athletes, accounting for 30% of all injuries (1,2). With the growing interest and participation in overhead sports, the incidence of shoulder pain and/ or injuries continues to increase (3)(4)(5). In fact, more than half of the general population will experience shoulder pain at one time or another in their lives (6).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of A Novel Stretching Technique on Shoulder Range of Motion in Overhead Athletes with Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficits: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Gharisia

Lohman

Daher

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background:The cross-body and the modified sleeper stretch have been used to improve posterior shoulder soft tissue flexibility and to increase glenohumeral joint internal rotation (GHJ IR) in overhead athletes. However, due to the inability to stabilize patient's scapula and control GHJ rotation with the cross-body stretch and the potential for subacromial impingement or symptoms' aggravation with the modified sleeper stretch, a new stretching technique was developed as an alternative to these commonly used stretches that may allow for greater stability of the scapula without reproducing symptoms, as well as providing an inhibition component to the posterior shoulder girdle muscles.Thus, the current study aimed to examine and compare a novel stretching technique to the traditional modified sleeper stretch to determine the effect on glenohumeral IR range of motion (ROM), selfreported pain, and subject satisfaction in overhead athletes with glenohumeral internal rotation deficits (GIRD).Methods: Forty-two overhead athletes with GIRD [mean age 25.9 ± 2.6 years, 20 males and 22 females] participated in this study. Participants were randomly assigned into either novel stretching group or modified sleeper stretching group. IR ROM was measured with a digital inclinometer, painwas measured with Numeric Pain Rating Scale, and subject satisfaction level was measured by a 6item questionnaire developed and validated by the study's authors. Outcomes were measured before, immediately, and at week 4 post intervention. Results:There was no significant group by time interaction effect for IR ROM (p=0.27); however, there was a significant change over time (p<0.001, η 2 =0.77). Both groups demonstrated a significant increase in IR from baseline to immediate and week 4, and from immediate to week 4 (p<0.001).There was also a significant reduction in pain intensity over time for the novel group (p=0.016, r=0.6) compared to the traditional group (p=0.080). For the satisfaction level, only the easiness of performance was significantly different and in favor of the traditional group (p=0.020, r=0.5) following the 4 weeks of the stretching protocols.

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“…Proximal humeral epiphysiolysis occurs due to repetitive rotational torque and distraction forces over the immature physis in overhead throwing athletes, especially baseball pitchers. [27][28][29] Other terms used to describe this phenomenon are "Little League Shoulder," epiphysitis, and a chronic Salter Harris I fracture of the proximal humerus. Epiphysiolysis most commonly occurs between ages 12 and 15 years when hormonal influence on the physis adversely affects its tensile resistive strength.…”

Section: Proximal Humeral Epiphysiolysis (Little League Shoulder)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Common Overuse Injuries in the Young Athlete

Pengel¹

2014

Pediatr Ann

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Pediatric overuse injury is a common complaint presenting to pediatricians. Overuse injury can affect the soft tissues or bone, and results from an imbalance between training and load to the tissues and recovery time. In the skeletally immature athlete, physeal and apophyseal tissue is particularly vulnerable to overuse resulting in different patterns of injury compared to adults. Awareness of age-dependent patterns of overuse is necessary for proper recognition, treatment, and prevention of injury. This article reviews the most common pediatric overuse injuries with emphasis on risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment. Guidelines for prevention are included, as this is the key component for successful management of overuse injury in pediatric athletes.

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Shoulder injuries in skeletally immature throwers: review and current thoughts

Cited by 34 publications

References 35 publications

Shoulder 3D range of motion and humerus rotation in two volleyball spike techniques: injury prevention and performance

Shoulder 3D range of motion and humerus rotation in two volleyball spike techniques: injury prevention and performance

Effect of A Novel Stretching Technique on Shoulder Range of Motion in Overhead Athletes with Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficits: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Common Overuse Injuries in the Young Athlete

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