Shoulder proprioception: How is it measured and is it reliable? A systematic review

The effects of rotator cuff tear on shoulder proprioception

“…Based on both the lack of a standardized method and two recent studies [60,61] in which the reliability of different protocols was measured, we evaluated joint position sense during the shoulder forward flexion using a passive/active protocol with a digital inclinometer. During the test, three seconds was used as the time needed for patients to identify the position; as previously described [15,51,62], it does not provoke the onset of fatigue during the testing session, not influencing our results.…”

“…Expanding our knowledge, research is moving on the effects that this musculoskeletal disease causes on peripheral, spinal, and central neural factors, especially in the field of proprioception [13]. The latter is not a new concept; in 1906, Charles Sherrington coined this term considering it as Bour perception of joint movement and positioning in space in the absence of visual feedback^ [14]. During the years, this concept has evolved.…”

Throwing performance in water polo is related to in-water shoulder proprioception

“…A possible reason for the difference in these findings could be the different methodology employed, with Mota & Robeiro., (2012) using a passive positioning and active reproduction protocol to assess angle reproduction error (difference between actual and target at 30° ER) compared to the AUC score obtained from JPS of five positions, as used in the current study. Whilst passive positioning of the limb improves the reliability of testing, the clinical applicability to real life function remains questionable (Ager et al, 2017). Moreover, athletes in the current study were completing three strength sessions per week on top of the plyometric training from pool throwing.…”

“…Functional stability of the shoulder joint relies on the interaction of dynamic (muscular) and static (capsulo-ligamentous, osseous, tendon) structures (Wilk, 1993), mediated by the sensorimotor system . Proprioception is an afferent input of this sensorimotor system that is of increasing interest within sport and rehabilitative fields (Ager et al, 2017). For example, it has been shown that a decreased proprioception sense can increase risk of injury (Safran, Borsa, Lephart, Fu, & Warner, 2001), injury re-occurrence and contribute to poor recovery in overhead athletes with shoulder pain (Fyhr, 2015).…”

Immediate effects of kinesiotaping on acromiohumeral distance and shoulder proprioception in individuals with symptomatic rotator cuff tendinopathy

“…Proprioceptive feedback mechanisms also play an important role in proper joint control (Aydin et al, 2001;Furmanek et al, 2014). Proprioception can be divided into three components: joint position sense (interpretation of information concerning orientation in space), kinesthesia (interpretation of joint motions) and sensation of effort (interpretation of force generated within a joint) (Ager et al, 2017;Furmanek et al, 2014;Myers and Lephart, 2000;Proske and Gandevia, 2012). Several tests have been developed to estimate the shoulder joint position sense using active joint repositioning (AJR) tasks.…”